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Chemistry · Class 11
Ester: from acid + alcohol (last chapter). Acid chloride RCOCl named (PCl5 / SOCl2 on acid) — fumes, not a manufacture SOP. Amide named (from acid chloride + ammonia school, or ammonium carboxylate heat). Anhydride named if the book has it. Meaning: the carboxyl carbon still wants Nu; derivatives are more or less reactive (chloride > anhydride > ester > amide school order). No drug-amide synthesis
PracticeAlcohols are very weak acids (weaker than water in some comparisons, book-dependent). They do not fizz with carbonates (unlike carboxylic acids — a tell). Sodium metal: H2 and alkoxide named (school demo idea, not a sodium-handling SOP). Phenol more acidic than ethanol (named if in the book), still weak vs HCl. Meaning: OH of alcohols is not the carboxylic acid OH. ROH weak acid — H+ lost to stron
PracticeAn air pollutant is a substance present in the atmosphere at a concentration that can harm human health, living organisms, materials or the environment.
PracticeBoth have the carbonyl C=O. Aldehyde: C=O at the end (CHO). Ketone: C=O in the chain. Ending -al vs -one. Planar carbon, polar C=O (C d+, O d-). Nucleophiles attack the carbon (later). Meaning: same group, different position — tests sort them (Tollens, Fehling). These notes are school carbonyls, not fragrance manufacture. Aldehyde CHO terminal; ketone C=O within chain — both have polar carbonyl. T