ChemistryChapter 10: Hydroxy Compounds
10.1 Preparation of Esters
- Ester:
Explanation level
In this chapter on hydroxy compounds, we begin by exploring alcohols and phenols, which contain the hydroxyl (-OH) functional group. A key reaction of these compounds is the formation of esters, which are important in flavors, fragrances, and pharmaceuticals. This section introduces the preparation of esters, specifically through the reaction of acyl chlorides with alcohols.
Definition
- Ester: An organic compound formed by the reaction of an acid (often a carboxylic acid or acyl chloride) with an alcohol. Esters have the general formula RCOOR'.
- Acyl Chloride: A reactive derivative of a carboxylic acid with the general formula RCOCl.
Simple Explanation: An ester is what you get when an acid and an alcohol join together, usually with the loss of a small molecule like water or hydrogen chloride. The reaction produces a compound with a pleasant, often fruity smell.
Main Idea
The main idea is that esters can be prepared directly by reacting acyl chlorides with alcohols. This reaction is very fast and exothermic, producing an ester and hydrogen chloride gas. The oxygen atom of the alcohol attacks the electrophilic carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride, forming a tetrahedral intermediate, which then loses a chloride ion (a good leaving group) to form the ester.
Core Concept
The core concept is that the carbonyl carbon of an acyl chloride is highly electrophilic because it is bonded to two electronegative atoms (oxygen and chlorine). This makes it very reactive towards nucleophiles such as alcohols. The alcohol acts as a nucleophile, donating a lone pair of electrons from its oxygen atom to the carbonyl carbon. This is an example of nucleophilic acyl substitution.
Detailed Explanation
The textbook states that an ester is an organic compound formed by the addition of an acid to an alcohol. Esters are used in a variety of applications, such as the production of fragrances, flavorings, and pharmaceuticals. Esters can be prepared directly by reacting acyl halides with alcohols.
The Reaction
When ethanol chloride (ethanoyl chloride, CH3COCl) reacts with cold ethanol (CH3CH2OH), ethyl ethanoate (CH3COOCH2CH3) is formed:
CH3COCl + CH3CH2OH → CH3COOCH2CH3 + HCl
- The reaction is very exothermic (releases heat).
- A steamy acidic gas (hydrogen chloride, HCl) is released.
Mechanism of Ester Formation
The textbook provides a step-by-step description of the mechanism:
- Nucleophilic Attack: The oxygen atom of the alcohol (which has one lone pair of electrons) attacks the electrophilic carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride. This forms a tetrahedral intermediate.
- Leaving Group Departs: The chloride ion (a good leaving group) departs, and the intermediate loses a proton (H+) to yield the ester.
- Addition: The alcohol adds to the carbonyl group.
- Elimination: The chloride ion is eliminated.
Alternative Method: From Carboxylic Acids
While the textbook focuses on acyl chlorides, it is worth noting that esters can also be prepared by the reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst (e.g., concentrated sulfuric acid). This is called Fischer esterification. However, this reaction is reversible and often slower than the acyl chloride method.
Intermediate Level
The preparation of esters from acyl chlorides and alcohols is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction. The acyl chloride is highly reactive because the carbonyl carbon is bonded to two electronegative atoms (O and Cl), making it very electrophilic. The alcohol acts as a nucleophile, attacking the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. The chloride ion is a good leaving group and departs, followed by deprotonation to give the ester. This method is preferred over Fischer esterification when high yields and fast reaction times are needed.
Important Points
- - Ester: Formed from an acid and an alcohol.
- - Acyl Chloride + Alcohol: Fast, exothermic reaction producing an ester and HCl.
- - Example: Ethanoyl chloride + ethanol → ethyl ethanoate + HCl.
- - Mechanism: Nucleophilic attack by alcohol → tetrahedral intermediate → loss of Cl-.
- - Gas Produced: Steamy acidic fumes of HCl.
- - Reaction Type: Nucleophilic acyl substitution (addition-elimination).
Remember
- - Ester formation: Acyl chloride + alcohol → ester + HCl.
- - Example: CH3COCl + CH3CH2OH → CH3COOCH2CH3 + HCl.
- - Mechanism: Nucleophilic attack, tetrahedral intermediate, elimination.
- - Good leaving group: Cl-.
- - Products: Ester (e.g., ethyl ethanoate) and HCl (steamy gas).
- - Reaction type: Nucleophilic acyl substitution.
Common Mistakes
- - Forgetting the HCl by-product. The reaction produces hydrogen chloride gas, which can be seen as steamy fumes.
- - Thinking the reaction is slow. This reaction is very fast and exothermic, unlike Fischer esterification, which is slower.
- - Confusing the alcohol and the acid. The acyl chloride is the acid derivative; the alcohol is the nucleophile.
- - Not naming the ester correctly. The ester is named as an alkyl alkanoate (e.g., ethyl ethanoate).
- - Assuming only one method for esterification. There are multiple methods, including Fischer esterification and the acyl chloride method.
Quick Revision
Esters are organic compounds formed by the reaction of an acid and an alcohol. They are used in fragrances, flavorings, and pharmaceuticals. One of the fastest methods to prepare an ester is the reaction of an acyl chloride (like ethanoyl chloride) with an alcohol (like ethanol). This reaction is very exothermic and produces an ester (like ethyl ethanoate) and hydrogen chloride gas. The mechanism involves the nucleophilic attack of the alcohol's oxygen on the electrophilic carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride, forming a tetrahedral intermediate, followed by the elimination of the chloride ion. This is an example of nucleophilic acyl substitution.
60-Second Revision
Esters are formed by the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. This is a fast, exothermic reaction that produces an ester and hydrogen chloride gas. Example: CH3COCl + CH3CH2OH → CH3COOCH2CH3 + HCl. The mechanism is nucleophilic acyl substitution, involving a tetrahedral intermediate and the loss of a chloride ion.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q1. What is an ester? Answer: An ester is an organic compound formed by the reaction of an acid (such as a carboxylic acid or acyl chloride) with an alcohol. Esters have the general formula RCOOR' and are often used as fragrances, flavorings, and in the production of pharmaceuticals and polymers.
Q2. How are esters prepared from acyl chlorides and alcohols? Answer: Esters are prepared by reacting an acyl chloride with an alcohol. For example, ethanoyl chloride reacts with ethanol to form ethyl ethanoate and hydrogen chloride: CH3COCl + CH3CH2OH → CH3COOCH2CH3 + HCl The reaction is fast and exothermic, and the HCl is released as steamy acidic fumes.
Q3. What is the mechanism of ester formation from an acyl chloride and an alcohol? Answer: The mechanism is a nucleophilic acyl substitution. The oxygen atom of the alcohol (a nucleophile) attacks the electrophilic carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride, forming a tetrahedral intermediate. The chloride ion (a good leaving group) then departs, and a proton is lost to yield the ester.
Q4. Why is the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol so fast? Answer: The reaction is fast because the carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride is highly electrophilic, due to the presence of two electronegative atoms (oxygen and chlorine) attached to it. This makes it very reactive towards nucleophiles like alcohols.
Q5. What is the by-product of the reaction between an acyl chloride and an alcohol? Answer: The by-product is hydrogen chloride (HCl), which is released as a steamy acidic gas. This is why the reaction is often carried out in a fume hood or with a base to neutralize the HCl.
- Q6. Write the equation for the reaction between ethanoyl chloride and ethanol.
- Answer:
- CH3COCl + CH3CH2OH → CH3COOCH2CH3 + HCl
- The product is ethyl ethanoate.
Q7. What is the role of the alcohol in ester formation? Answer: The alcohol acts as a nucleophile. Its oxygen atom has a lone pair of electrons that attacks the electrophilic carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride, initiating the reaction.
Q8. Why is the chloride ion a good leaving group in this reaction? Answer: The chloride ion (Cl-) is a good leaving group because it is a weak base and is stable after departure. This facilitates the elimination step of the mechanism.
Q9. What is the difference between esterification using an acyl chloride and Fischer esterification? Answer: Esterification using an acyl chloride is faster and irreversible, producing HCl as a by-product. Fischer esterification (carboxylic acid + alcohol) is slower, reversible, and requires an acid catalyst. The acyl chloride method is preferred when high yields are needed.
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
- Q1. What is an ester formed from?
- A. An acid and an alcohol.
- B. Two alcohols.
- C. Two acids.
- D. An alkane and an alcohol.
- Correct Answer: A
- Explanation: An ester is formed by the reaction of an acid (such as an acyl chloride or carboxylic acid) with an alcohol.
- Q2. What is the by-product of the reaction between ethanoyl chloride and ethanol?
- A. Water
- B. Hydrogen chloride
- C. Carbon dioxide
- D. Hydrogen gas
- Correct Answer: B
- Explanation: The reaction produces hydrogen chloride (HCl) as a by-product.
- Q3. What is the name of the product formed when ethanoyl chloride reacts with ethanol?
- A. Ethyl ethanoate
- B. Methyl ethanoate
- C. Ethanoic acid
- D. Ethanol
- Correct Answer: A
- Explanation: The product is ethyl ethanoate (CH3COOCH2CH3).
- Q4. Which of the following is a good leaving group in ester formation?
- A. OH-
- B. Cl-
- C. NH2-
- D. CH3-
- Correct Answer: B
- Explanation: The chloride ion (Cl-) is a good leaving group.
- Q5. What type of reaction is the formation of an ester from an acyl chloride and an alcohol?
- A. Electrophilic substitution
- B. Nucleophilic acyl substitution
- C. Electrophilic addition
- D. Free radical substitution
- Correct Answer: B
- Explanation: The reaction is a nucleophilic acyl substitution.
- Q6. What is the intermediate formed in the reaction between an acyl chloride and an alcohol?
- A. Carbocation
- B. Carbanion
- C. Tetrahedral intermediate
- D. Free radical
- Correct Answer: C
- Explanation: The intermediate is a tetrahedral intermediate.
- Q7. What is the observation when ethanoyl chloride reacts with ethanol?
- A. A colorless gas is evolved.
- B. Steamy acidic fumes are produced.
- C. A white precipitate forms.
- D. No visible change.
- Correct Answer: B
- Explanation: The reaction produces steamy acidic fumes of HCl.
- Q8. What is the role of the alcohol in the reaction?
- A. It acts as a nucleophile.
- B. It acts as an electrophile.
- C. It acts as a catalyst.
- D. It acts as a solvent.
- Correct Answer: A
- Explanation: The alcohol acts as a nucleophile, attacking the carbonyl carbon.
- Q9. Which of the following is the general formula of an ester?
- A. RCOOH
- B. RCOOR'
- C. RCHO
- D. RCOR'
- Correct Answer: B
- Explanation: The general formula of an ester is RCOOR'.
- Q10. What is the name of the reaction between an acyl chloride and an alcohol?
- A. Fischer esterification
- B. Nucleophilic acyl substitution
- C. Electrophilic addition
- D. Elimination
- Correct Answer: B
- Explanation: The reaction is a nucleophilic acyl substitution.
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
- Q1. What is an ester formed from?
- A. An acid and an alcohol.
- B. Two alcohols.
- C. Two acids.
- D. An alkane and an alcohol.
- Correct Answer: A
- Explanation: An ester is formed by the reaction of an acid with an alcohol.
- Q2. What is the by-product of the reaction between ethanoyl chloride and ethanol?
- A. Water
- B. Hydrogen chloride
- C. Carbon dioxide
- D. Hydrogen gas
- Correct Answer: B
- Explanation: The by-product is hydrogen chloride (HCl).
- Q3. What is the name of the product formed when ethanoyl chloride reacts with ethanol?
- A. Ethyl ethanoate
- B. Methyl ethanoate
- C. Ethanoic acid
- D. Ethanol
- Correct Answer: A
- Explanation: The product is ethyl ethanoate.
- Q4. Which of the following is a good leaving group in ester formation?
- A. OH-
- B. Cl-
- C. NH2-
- D. CH3-
- Correct Answer: B
- Explanation: Cl- is a good leaving group.
- Q5. What type of reaction is the formation of an ester from an acyl chloride and an alcohol?
- A. Electrophilic substitution
- B. Nucleophilic acyl substitution
- C. Electrophilic addition
- D. Free radical substitution
- Correct Answer: B
- Explanation: It is a nucleophilic acyl substitution.
- Q6. What is the intermediate formed in the reaction between an acyl chloride and an alcohol?
- A. Carbocation
- B. Carbanion
- C. Tetrahedral intermediate
- D. Free radical
- Correct Answer: C
- Explanation: The intermediate is a tetrahedral intermediate.
- Q7. What is the observation when ethanoyl chloride reacts with ethanol?
- A. A colorless gas is evolved.
- B. Steamy acidic fumes are produced.
- C. A white precipitate forms.
- D. No visible change.
- Correct Answer: B
- Explanation: Steamy acidic fumes of HCl are produced.
- Q8. What is the role of the alcohol in the reaction?
- A. It acts as a nucleophile.
- B. It acts as an electrophile.
- C. It acts as a catalyst.
- D. It acts as a solvent.
- Correct Answer: A
- Explanation: The alcohol acts as a nucleophile.
- Q9. Which of the following is the general formula of an ester?
- A. RCOOH
- B. RCOOR'
- C. RCHO
- D. RCOR'
- Correct Answer: B
- Explanation: The general formula is RCOOR'.
- Q10. What is the name of the reaction between an acyl chloride and an alcohol?
- A. Fischer esterification
- B. Nucleophilic acyl substitution
- C. Electrophilic addition
- D. Elimination
- Correct Answer: B
- Explanation: The reaction is a nucleophilic acyl substitution.
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
- Q1. What is the product of the reaction between ethanoyl chloride and methanol?
- A. Methyl ethanoate
- B. Ethyl ethanoate
- C. Ethanoic acid
- D. Methanol
- Correct Answer: A
- Explanation: The product is methyl ethanoate (CH3COOCH3).
- Q2. What is the role of the acyl chloride in the reaction?
- A. It acts as a nucleophile.
- B. It acts as an electrophile.
- C. It acts as a catalyst.
- D. It acts as a solvent.
- Correct Answer: B
- Explanation: The acyl chloride acts as an electrophile.
- Q3. What is the observation when an acyl chloride reacts with an alcohol?
- A. A colorless gas is evolved.
- B. Steamy acidic fumes are produced.
- C. A white precipitate forms.
- D. No visible change.
- Correct Answer: B
- Explanation: Steamy acidic fumes of HCl are produced.
- Q4. Which of the following is a good leaving group?
- A. OH-
- B. Cl-
- C. NH2-
- D. CH3-
- Correct Answer: B
- Explanation: Cl- is a good leaving group.
- Q5. What is the intermediate formed in the reaction between an acyl chloride and an alcohol?
- A. Carbocation
- B. Carbanion
- C. Tetrahedral intermediate
- D. Free radical
- Correct Answer: C
- Explanation: The intermediate is a tetrahedral intermediate.
- Q6. What is the general formula of an ester?
- A. RCOOH
- B. RCOOR'
- C. RCHO
- D. RCOR'
- Correct Answer: B
- Explanation: The general formula is RCOOR'.
- Q7. What type of reaction is the formation of an ester from an acyl chloride and an alcohol?
- A. Electrophilic substitution
- B. Nucleophilic acyl substitution
- C. Electrophilic addition
- D. Free radical substitution
- Correct Answer: B
- Explanation: The reaction is a nucleophilic acyl substitution.
- Q8. What is the name of the product formed when ethanoyl chloride reacts with ethanol?
- A. Ethyl ethanoate
- B. Methyl ethanoate
- C. Ethanoic acid
- D. Ethanol
- Correct Answer: A
- Explanation: The product is ethyl ethanoate.
- Q9. What is the by-product of the reaction between an acyl chloride and an alcohol?
- A. Water
- B. Hydrogen chloride
- C. Carbon dioxide
- D. Hydrogen gas
- Correct Answer: B
- Explanation: The by-product is hydrogen chloride.
- Q10. What is the role of the alcohol in the reaction?
- A. It acts as a nucleophile.
- B. It acts as an electrophile.
- C. It acts as a catalyst.
- D. It acts as a solvent.
- Correct Answer: A
- Explanation: The alcohol acts as a nucleophile.
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
- Q1. What is the product of the reaction between ethanoyl chloride and methanol?
- A. Methyl ethanoate
- B. Ethyl ethanoate
- C. Ethanoic acid
- D. Methanol
- Correct Answer: A
- Explanation: The product is methyl ethanoate.
- Q2. What is the role of the acyl chloride in the reaction?
- A. It acts as a nucleophile.
- B. It acts as an electrophile.
- C. It acts as a catalyst.
- D. It acts as a solvent.
- Correct Answer: B
- Explanation: The acyl chloride acts as an electrophile.
- Q3. What is the observation when an acyl chloride reacts with an alcohol?
- A. A colorless gas is evolved.
- B. Steamy acidic fumes are produced.
- C. A white precipitate forms.
- D. No visible change.
- Correct Answer: B
- Explanation: Steamy acidic fumes are produced.
- Q4. Which of the following is a good leaving group?
- A. OH-
- B. Cl-
- C. NH2-
- D. CH3-
- Correct Answer: B
- Explanation: Cl- is a good leaving group.
- Q5. What is the intermediate formed in the reaction between an acyl chloride and an alcohol?
- A. Carbocation
- B. Carbanion
- C. Tetrahedral intermediate
- D. Free radical
- Correct Answer: C
- Explanation: The intermediate is a tetrahedral intermediate.
- Q6. What is the general formula of an ester?
- A. RCOOH
- B. RCOOR'
- C. RCHO
- D. RCOR'
- Correct Answer: B
- Explanation: The general formula is RCOOR'.
- Q7. What type of reaction is the formation of an ester from an acyl chloride and an alcohol?
- A. Electrophilic substitution
- B. Nucleophilic acyl substitution
- C. Electrophilic addition
- D. Free radical substitution
- Correct Answer: B
- Explanation: The reaction is a nucleophilic acyl substitution.
- Q8. What is the name of the product formed when ethanoyl chloride reacts with ethanol?
- A. Ethyl ethanoate
- B. Methyl ethanoate
- C. Ethanoic acid
- D. Ethanol
- Correct Answer: A
- Explanation: The product is ethyl ethanoate.
- Q9. What is the by-product of the reaction between an acyl chloride and an alcohol?
- A. Water
- B. Hydrogen chloride
- C. Carbon dioxide
- D. Hydrogen gas
- Correct Answer: B
- Explanation: The by-product is hydrogen chloride.
- Q10. What is the role of the alcohol in the reaction?
- A. It acts as a nucleophile.
- B. It acts as an electrophile.
- C. It acts as a catalyst.
- D. It acts as a solvent.
- Correct Answer: A
- Explanation: The alcohol acts as a nucleophile.
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
- Q1. What is an ester?
- A. A compound formed from an acid and an alcohol.
- B. A compound formed from two alcohols.
- C. A compound formed from two acids.
- D. A compound formed from an alkane and an alcohol.
- Correct Answer: A
- Explanation: An ester is formed from an acid and an alcohol.
- Q2. What is the by-product of the reaction between an acyl chloride and an alcohol?
- A. Water
- B. Hydrogen chloride
- C. Carbon dioxide
- D. Hydrogen gas
- Correct Answer: B
- Explanation: The by-product is hydrogen chloride.
- Q3. What is the name of the product formed when ethanoyl chloride reacts with ethanol?
- A. Ethyl ethanoate
- B. Methyl ethanoate
- C. Ethanoic acid
- D. Ethanol
- Correct Answer: A
- Explanation: The product is ethyl ethanoate.
- Q4. What type of reaction is the formation of an ester from an acyl chloride and an alcohol?
- A. Electrophilic substitution
- B. Nucleophilic acyl substitution
- C. Electrophilic addition
- D. Free radical substitution
- Correct Answer: B
- Explanation: The reaction is a nucleophilic acyl substitution.
- Q5. What is the intermediate formed in the reaction between an acyl chloride and an alcohol?
- A. Carbocation
- B. Carbanion
- C. Tetrahedral intermediate
- D. Free radical
- Correct Answer: C
- Explanation: The intermediate is a tetrahedral intermediate.
- Q6. What is the role of the alcohol in the reaction?
- A. It acts as a nucleophile.
- B. It acts as an electrophile.
- C. It acts as a catalyst.
- D. It acts as a solvent.
- Correct Answer: A
- Explanation: The alcohol acts as a nucleophile.
- Q7. What is the general formula of an ester?
- A. RCOOH
- B. RCOOR'
- C. RCHO
- D. RCOR'
- Correct Answer: B
- Explanation: The general formula is RCOOR'.
- Q8. What is the observation when an acyl chloride reacts with an alcohol?
- A. A colorless gas is evolved.
- B. Steamy acidic fumes are produced.
- C. A white precipitate forms.
- D. No visible change.
- Correct Answer: B
- Explanation: Steamy acidic fumes are produced.
- Q9. What is the role of the acyl chloride in the reaction?
- A. It acts as a nucleophile.
- B. It acts as an electrophile.
- C. It acts as a catalyst.
- D. It acts as a solvent.
- Correct Answer: B
- Explanation: The acyl chloride acts as an electrophile.
- Q10. Which of the following is a good leaving group?
- A. OH-
- B. Cl-
- C. NH2-
- D. CH3-
- Correct Answer: B
- Explanation: Cl- is a good leaving group.
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
- Q1. What is an ester?
- A. A compound formed from an acid and an alcohol.
- B. A compound formed from two alcohols.
- C. A compound formed from two acids.
- D. A compound formed from an alkane and an alcohol.
- Correct Answer: A
- Explanation: An ester is formed from an acid and an alcohol.
- Q2. What is the by-product of the reaction between an acyl chloride and an alcohol?
- A. Water
- B. Hydrogen chloride
- C. Carbon dioxide
- D. Hydrogen gas
- Correct Answer: B
- Explanation: The by-product is hydrogen chloride.
- Q3. What is the name of the product formed when ethanoyl chloride reacts with ethanol?
- A. Ethyl ethanoate
- B. Methyl ethanoate
- C. Ethanoic acid
- D. Ethanol
- Correct Answer: A
- Explanation: The product is ethyl ethanoate.
- Q4. What type of reaction is the formation of an ester from an acyl chloride and an alcohol?
- A. Electrophilic substitution
- B. Nucleophilic acyl substitution
- C. Electrophilic addition
- D. Free radical substitution
- Correct Answer: B
- Explanation: The reaction is a nucleophilic acyl substitution.
- Q5. What is the intermediate formed in the reaction between an acyl chloride and an alcohol?
- A. Carbocation
- B. Carbanion
- C. Tetrahedral intermediate
- D. Free radical
- Correct Answer: C
- Explanation: The intermediate is a tetrahedral intermediate.
- Q6. What is the role of the alcohol in the reaction?
- A. It acts as a nucleophile.
- B. It acts as an electrophile.
- C. It acts as a catalyst.
- D. It acts as a solvent.
- Correct Answer: A
- Explanation: The alcohol acts as a nucleophile.
- Q7. What is the general formula of an ester?
- A. RCOOH
- B. RCOOR'
- C. RCHO
- D. RCOR'
- Correct Answer: B
- Explanation: The general formula is RCOOR'.
- Q8. What is the observation when an acyl chloride reacts with an alcohol?
- A. A colorless gas is evolved.
- B. Steamy acidic fumes are produced.
- C. A white precipitate forms.
- D. No visible change.
- Correct Answer: B
- Explanation: Steamy acidic fumes are produced.
- Q9. What is the role of the acyl chloride in the reaction?
- A. It acts as a nucleophile.
- B. It acts as an electrophile.
- C. It acts as a catalyst.
- D. It acts as a solvent.
- Correct Answer: B
- Explanation: The acyl chloride acts as an electrophile.
- Q10. Which of the following is a good leaving group?
- A. OH-
- B. Cl-
- C. NH2-
- D. CH3-
- Correct Answer: B
- Explanation: Cl- is a good leaving group.
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Review the key facts, formulas and checks before you move on.10.1 Preparation of Esters
Sticky Notes · Quick Revision
Key Point 1
- Ester: Acid + Alcohol → Ester + Water/HCl.
Key Point 2
- Acyl chloride + alcohol: Fast, exothermic.
Key Point 3
- Example: CH3COCl + CH3CH2OH → CH3COOCH2CH3 + HCl.
Key Point 4
- Mechanism: Nucleophilic acyl substitution.
Key Point 5
- Tetrahedral intermediate is formed.
Key Point 6
- HCl is a steamy acidic gas.
Key Point 7
- Chloride is a good leaving group.
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