Hazards of Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves are extremely useful, but some can be hazardous depending on frequency, intensity, exposure time and the body part exposed.

At ordinary communication exposure levels, radio waves are non-ionising. At sufficiently high intensities, radio-frequency energy can cause tissue heating.

Microwaves can heat water-containing tissue. High-intensity exposure may cause harmful heating.

Strong infrared radiation can heat skin and damage eyes.

Very intense visible light can damage the retina. Powerful light sources should not be stared at directly.

Excessive UV can cause: skin damage; sunburn; eye damage; DNA damage.

These are ionising. They can damage cells and DNA and increase health risks with unnecessary exposure.

Protection can involve: reducing exposure time; increasing distance from strong sources; using suitable shielding; following safe operating procedures.

The presence of electromagnetic radiation does not automatically mean danger. Risk depends on: frequency; intensity; duration; distance; shielding; absorbed dose.