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Physics · Class 12
Simple harmonic motion (SHM) is periodic motion in which the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to its displacement from the equilibrium position and is always directed toward equilibrium.
Newton’s law of universal gravitation states that every two masses attract each other with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centres.
A mass-spring system consists of a mass attached to an elastic spring which can perform SHM when the spring obeys Hooke's law and damping is negligible.
A simple pendulum consists ideally of a point mass suspended by a light inextensible string which performs approximately SHM for small angular displacements.
In ideal SHM, energy continuously changes between kinetic energy and potential energy, while total mechanical energy remains constant.
Free oscillations occur after an initial disturbance without a continuing external periodic force, while forced oscillations are maintained by an external periodic driving force.
