Exam-style questions from the same notes. Reveal the library answer when ready.
Or choose a topic Ammonia Electromagnetic Induction Simple Harmonic Motion Quadratic Equations Upthrust and Archimedes' Principle Boyle’s Law Natural Selection Evidence of Evolution Speciation Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation First Law of Thermodynamics Circular Motion and SHM Mass-Spring System Simple Pendulum Energy in SHM Free, Forced Oscillations and Resonance Damped Oscillations Geostationary Satellites Reversible and Irreversible Processes Amplitude, Period, Frequency and Phase Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration in SHM MEASURING g FROM OSCILLATIONS Critical Damping and Suspension A.c. and D.c. A Map of School Conversions Accuracy and Precision Acid Derivatives (names) Acidity (weak) Acoustic Lensing (Textbook Level) Addition and Geometry Addition and Scalar Multiply Addition, Subtraction, Scalar Multiples Addition, Subtraction, Scalar Air Pollutants (named) Aldehydes and Ketones Alkanes Alkenes and the C=c Bond Alkynes (school) Allied Angles Alpha, Beta and Gamma Alternate Segment Theorem Ambiguous Case Ssa (school) Amides vs Amines Amines As Nucleophiles Amines: Class and Shape Ammonia and Nitric Acid (school Names) Analogue Versus Digital Analyzing Sound Waves Angle Between Lines and Families Angle Bisector Angle of Elevation and Depression Angles and Applications (school) Angles and Standard Position Angles in a Circle Anomalous Expansion of Water Antibiotic Resistance As Selection Applications of Lenses Applications of Static Charge Arc Length and Sector Area Arcs and Chords Argand Diagram (picture of C) Argand Plane and Polar Form Arithmetic Means Arithmetic Sequence Arithmetico-geometric Series and Exam ASEXUAL vs SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Axioms and Postulates Basicity Bearings from North BINOMIAL FOR NEGATIVE OR FRACTION n (SCHOOL) BINOMIAL THEOREM (POSITIVE INTEGER n) Biodiversity and Conservation Bond Fission and Reagent Types Box-and-whisker Plots Branches of Physics Calorimetry Carbohydrates As Fuel Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles Carbon Dioxide Carbon Monoxide and Particulates Carboxylic Acids Centres of a Triangle Characteristic and Mantissa Charging Methods and the Electroscope Chlorine Choosing a Method Chord Theorems at a Glance Chord Theorems (perpendicular from Centre) Chromosomes Circle Through Three Non-collinear Points Circular Permutations Cis-trans and Markovnikov (exam) Classifying Alcohols Classifying Halogenoalkanes COEFFICIENT QUESTIONS AND (1+x)^n Colour and Dispersion COMBINATIONS nCr Combustion and Dehydration Combustion, Pollution, Footprint Completing a Circle Without the Centre (named) Completing the Square COMPLEX NUMBERS a + bi Complex Numbers Recalled Composite Functions Compound Angles: Cos and Sin of Sums Compound Inequalities Conduction Conductors and Insulators Conjugate and Modulus Law of Conservation of Momentum Contact Process (exam Names Only) Convection Coulomb's Law Cracking, Reforming (named Stages) Cramer, Inverse Method, Gauss CRAMER'S RULE FOR 2x2 SYSTEMS Cross Product in Components Cross (vector) Product Cubes and Sum of Cubes Cyclic Quadrilaterals De Moivre and Polar Inequations Demonstrative Geometry DETERMINANT OF A 2x2 MATRIX DETERMINANTS 2x2 AND 3x3 Dihybrid Cross Dissolved Oxygen and Simple Monitoring Distance Formula Distance On a Number Line Distillation Division and the Inverse Division of Complex Numbers Dna Structure (watson-crick School) Dnph and Iodoform On Carbonyls Domain and Range of Sin and Cos Dot (scalar) Product Echo and Ranging Ecological Pyramids and Energy Ecosystem Structure Energy Losses in Practical Devices and Efficiency Electric Charge Electric Current Electric Field Electrophilic Addition (ethene School) Elimination vs Substitution Equality, Addition, Subtraction Equations That Reduce to Quadratic Equivalent Equations Esterification (school) EVALUATING f(x) Evaporation Versus Boiling Evaporation Even, Odd, and Periodicity Exam Response (air) Exam Response (alcohols) Exam Response (amines) Exam Response (carbonyls and Acids) Exam Response (chromosome and Dna) Exam Response (complex Numbers) Exam Response (energy) Exam Response (evolution) Exam Response (fundamentals of Trigonometry) Exam Response (halogenoalkanes) Exam Response (halogens) Exam Response (hydrocarbons) Exam Response (induction and Binomial) Exam Response (inheritance) Exam Response (matrices) Exam Response (n and S) Exam Response (organic Intro) Exam Response (permutations and Combinations) Exam Response (polynomials) Exam Response (synthesis) Exam Response (trigonometric Functions) Exam Response (vectors) Exam Response (water) Expansion Gaps and the Bimetallic Strip Factor Theorem FACTORIAL n! Factoring by Grouping Factoring for Fractions Fertilisation and Pregnancy (school Overview) Filtration Finding the Centre of a Given Circle Fluorine As the Extreme Food Chains and Webs Formulas (empirical to Skeletal) Fossil Fuels and Crude Oil Four Quadrants Fractions, Decimals, All Reals Frequency and Tally Frequency Polygon and Pie Chart From Acid to Alcohol and Back Functional Groups (map) Functions, Domain, and Range Fundamental Principle of Counting Fuses, Earthing and the Three-pin Plug General Term and Middle Term Generators Geometric Sequence and Means Geothermal Heat Graph of Tan Graphs of Sin and Cos Gravitational Lensing (Textbook Level) Greenhouse Effect and Climate (school) Growing the Chain (nitrile Named) Half-life Halide Tests (named) Halogen Physical Trends Hardness and Simple Tests (school) Hardy-weinberg Named Hazards of Electromagnetic Waves Hcf, Lcm, and Algebraic Fractions Hearing Histograms Horizontal Vertical Collinear Household Safety Human Evolution (school Names) Human Female System (exam Names) Human Male System (exam Names) Hydrogen and Comparing Sources Hydrogen Halides Hydrogen Incomplete Dominance and Codominance Induction On Divisibility and Inequalities Induction On Sums Infinite Gp and Recurring Decimals Injective, Surjective, Bijective Inverse and Rank (row Operations) Inverse Functions (linear Skill) INVERSE OF A 2x2 MATRIX Iodoform Test (named) Isomerism (structural and Stereo Intro) LAMARCK vs DARWIN Laws of the Four Operations Layers of the Air Lenses Linear, Constant, Absolute Value Linear Equation in One Variable Linear Inequalities Linear Systems and Factorising Linear Systems: Consistent or Not Locating Agents and Two-way Paper Loci Logic Gates Long Division (named Skill) Loudness, Pitch and Timbre Magnetic Field of a Current Magnitude Matrices: Shape and Types Matrix Multiplication MAX AND MIN OF a + b sin(theta) Mechanical Versus Electromagnetic Waves Mendel and the Language of Genes Menstrual Cycle (hormones Named) Meters in a Circuit Midpoint Formula Midpoint in Figures Minor Arc, Major Arc, Semicircle MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS MIXED COUNTING AND nCr IDENTITIES Monohybrid Cross More Allied Forms (270, Negative) More Max/min and A+b Cos Motor Effect Multiplication of Complex Numbers Multiply and Divide in Polar Form Mutation Types (names) Named Water Pollutants Naming Aliphatic Chains (iupac School) Natural Selection and Fitness Nature of Sound Waves Nitrogen Cycle (words) Nitrogen in the Air and in Compounds Nitrous Acid Reaction (school) Noise Pollution and Acoustics Nuclear Energy (names, Not Weapons) Nucleophilic Addition (school) Nucleophilic Substitution Idea Ohm's Law Other School Reactions Oxidation (dichromate School) Oxidation of Alkenes (school Names) Oxides of Nitrogen (named) Oxidising Power and Displacement Oxygen Ozone Layer (stratosphere) Pairs Products Relations Parallel Circuits Parallel Perpendicular Collinear Pedigree Idea PERMUTATIONS nPr Petrochemical Building Blocks (names) Point and Non-point Pollution Pollination, Fertilisation, Seed Pollution and Climate Polygons and Angle Sums Polymerisation (addition, Names) Polynomials and Division Population and Community Practical Geometry Habits Preparation Names (school) Preparing the Paper Prevention and Policy Slogans Principle of Mathematical Induction Probability Link (chapter List) Product to Sum Production of Sound Properties of Inequalities Pythagoras in the Circle (skill) Quadratic Inequalities Qualitative vs Quantitative Quantum Computers (Textbook Level) Quartiles, Deciles, Percentiles Radians and Conversion Radiation Radical Equations and Absolute Value Radio, Microwave and Infrared Radioactivity Range, Variance, Standard Deviation Rational Equations Reaction Types (organic Map) Reaction with Water and Alkali (school) Reciprocal Ratios Rectification with a Diode Reflection of Light Reflection, Refraction and Diffraction of Sound Reliability, Validity, and Graphs Remainder Theorem Replication (school) Resonance and Damping Restrictions in Arrangements Retrosynthesis (one Step Back) Rf Value Roots and Coefficients (school Cubic) Roster and Set-builder Running the Chromatogram Sas Triangles Scalar Triple Product Scalars, Vectors, Components Scientific Notation Seismic Waves (Earthquakes) Semiconductors Sequences and the General Term Series Circuits Sexagesimal Measure Si Base and Derived Units Si Units Similar Figures Similarity: Area and Volume Ratios Sine Cosine Tangent Six Nutrients and a Balanced Diet Slope Intercept Form Smog, Acid Rain, Aqi Sn1 (two-step Idea) Sn2 (one-step Idea) Solar, Wind, Hydro, Biomass (slogans) Solving a Right Triangle Solving Linear Inequalities Special Factors Special Log Values Special Quartic Patterns Special Slopes and Sign Speed of Sound and Echoes Splitting the Middle Term Square Root, Reciprocal, Exponential (named) Ssa Ambiguous Case Sss Construction Standard Angles 30 45 60 Statements and Propositions Steps of a Proof Sti Prevention Education and Exam Subset Disjoint Venn Succession and Exam Ecology Sulphur and Its Oxides Sulphuric Acid Reactions (school) Sum of a Geometric Series Sum of an Arithmetic Series Sum to Product Superconductivity (textbook Level) Synthetic Division (school) Tan(a±b) and Double Angle Tan, Cot, Sec, Csc — Domain Holes Tangent Constructions (without Centre, Named) Tangent from an External Point (named) Telling Sn1 from Sn2 (exam) Terminating and Recurring Tests for Aqueous Ions (overview) Tests to Check the Product The C.R.O. (outline) The Cartesian Plane The Electromagnetic Spectrum The Eye and Defects The Flower The Mean The Photon Model of Light The Quadratic Formula Theorem and Converse Three Sets and Venn Diagrams Tollens and Fehling (aldehyde Tests) Total Internal Reflection and Fibres Touching Circles Transcription and the Code Transformers Translation (school) Trig Ratios in a Right Triangle (quick List) Trigonometric Identities Tsunamis Two Tangents from an External Point Types of Carbohydrate Types of Distillation Ultrasound and Infrasound Union Intersection Difference Unique Circle Through Three Points Unit Vectors Uses and Environment (names) Uses and Safety (slogans) USING THE FORMULA WHEN a IS NOT 1 Variables and Fair Tests in Physics Vitamins, Minerals, and Nucleic Acids Water As a Resource Water Treatment (slogans, Not a Plant) Wavefronts: Reflection, Refraction, Diffraction What a Logarithm Means What a Wave Is What Chromatography Means What Makes a Set What Organic Synthesis Means at School What Physics Aims to Do Why Carbon Is Special Why the Theorems Matter Word Linear Inequalities Word Problems with Two Sets Worked School Routes (allowed Set) Yield and Purity (school) Zeros and a Cubic Worked Pattern 3x3 Cofactors A.c. Ab from Positions Absolute Value Add and Subtract Altitudes and Orthocentre Amino Acids and Peptide Bonds Amplitude Angle Antilog Arrow Language Associative and Distributive Babylonian Base 60 Bimetallic Strip Body, Cooking, Engines Body Units Boundaries That Close Gaps Bulk Modulus Central Angles Charge and Size Check Circumcircle Class Mark and Boundaries Climate and Breezes Colour Code (idea) Common Logs (briggs) Common Monomial Common Symbols Conductors Conjugate Rules Conjugate Cos of Difference Cosine Law Counting Cross Multiply Crystallisation Steps Cumulative Table D.c. Dark Matter (Awareness) Decimals Definition and 90 Deg Degree and Zeros Difference of Squares Diffraction Digits and Place Value Diode As a Valve Divide Division Algorithm Domain and Range E.m.f. of a Source Earth and the Plug Electron Microscope Elevation to a Height Endpoints Energy and Cost Engineering Adds Constraints Enzymes and Denaturation Equality and Cancellation Equations Later Experiments Factors and Quadratics Falsifiability Families Faraday Cage Idea Find A^{-1} Find R and Theta Finding H Fission Fractions Frequency and Speed Frequency Polygon From the Given Fraction Function or Not Fuse Fusion (melting) Fusion Gamma Rays Gaps and Loops Gas General Form and Intercepts Generator (right) Gradient As Tan Greenhouse Link Grouped Frequency Tables Hazards and Protection Hcf and Lcm Heron and R Horizontal Y=b Humidity I, J Notation Impossible Angle Pairs Incircle Inclination Theta Insulators Intercept Form Interference Ionising and Uses Irrational Q' Keep It Clean Large Exponents Larger Than One Law (what Happens) LDR Leading a Not 1 LED Light-time Example Lightning Conductor Limits You See in the Table Limits Link to Complex Living Chemistry Locating Longest Chord Longitudinal Magnet, Funnel, Dyes Material and Temperature Median Class Mixture Types Modal Class Mode and Modal Class Modulus Monic Trinomials Motor (left) Multiply N, W, and Z Natural Logs (naperian) Not Linear Nucleic Acids and Iron Number Lcds Number Ogive Readings Order and Entries P.d. Across a Component Pairing Four Binomials Parallel (identical Cells) Parallel Pearson R (school Formula Idea) Penetration Perfect Squares Pie Chart Point-slope Polynomial Lcds Polynomial or Not Position Power of a Device Pressure of a Gas Product and Quotient Product Law Product, Quotient, Power Radian and Steradian Radicals Random Scatter Rational Q Rational Read the Formula Reference Refractive Index N Relay Reliable and Valid Resolution Right Bisectors and Circumcentre Roman Seven Symbols Sas Area Saturate the Chamber Scalar vs Vector Scatter and Best Fit Science Then Technology Shear Modulus Sifr to Europe Signs Sine Law Smaller Than One Snell's Law Solid and Liquid Solute and Solvent Solvent Mix Special Square Types Standard Form Standard Number Sets Substitution Symbol Systematic Bias Tables and Graphs Tangents at Ends of a Diameter The Brain Never Clocks Off The Four Values The Inclusion Formula The Number Line The Picture The Seven Regions The Three Cases Theory (why It Happens) Thermistor (NTC) Transistor (NPN Idea) Transpose Transverse Trichotomy and Inequality Two Angles / Lighthouse Two Equations Two-point Two Rays Two-way Ultraviolet Ungrouped Raw Lists Use Less Uses (Licensed) Uses Vaporisation (boiling) Variables Both Sides Vertical X=a Visible Vitamins and Minerals What a Factor Is What You Change and Measure What You Keep the Same Why Asa and Aas Work Windows X-rays Zero Young's Double-slit Experiment Parallel-plate Capacitor Energy Stored in a Capacitor Einstein's Photoelectric Equation Compton Effect 90 Minus A Map of School Conversions — Oh / C=o / Cooh Ac Through a Resistor Exam Application Key Idea Acidity (weak) — Na Metal Acidity (weak) — Not Carboxylic Add, Subtract, Multiply Adding Vectors by Components After a Root Alkanes — Reactions Alkynes (school) — Reactions Amides vs Amines — Hydrolysis Amorphous Solids Antibiotic Resistance As Selection — What Not to Write Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction — Sexual List Banked Curves Base Case of Mathematical Induction Basicity — Strength Order Beats Bernoulli's Equation Cancel in Ratios Capacitors in Parallel Capacitors in Series Centripetal Acceleration and Force Circuit Measurement Checklist Combustion, Pollution, Footprint — Footprint Common Difference Conservative & Non-Conservative Fields Contact Process (exam Names Only) — Conditions Contact Process (exam Names Only) — Uses of H2so4 (names) Cosine of a Sum Cracking, Reforming (named Stages) — Conditions Named Crystalline Solids Current, Voltage, and Resistance Review Det Form Dihybrid Cross — Why 9-3-3-1 Dimensions of Physical Quantities Direction and Quadrant of a Vector Dna Structure (watson-crick School) — Complement Dna Structure (watson-crick School) — Parts Doppler Effect: Moving Source Dot Product in Component Form Double-angle Formulas Drift Velocity Ecosystem Structure — Biotic Elastic and Inelastic Collisions Electric Field Lines Electric Field Intensity Electrical Power Electrical Safety Elimination vs Substitution — Conditions Elimination vs Substitution — Which Alkene EMF and Energy per Unit Charge Equation of Continuity Equations of Uniformly Accelerated Motion Esterification (school) — Break Estimation of Physical Quantities Exam Response (halogenoalkanes) — Mechanism Labels Exam Response (inheritance) — Letter Discipline Fluorine As the Extreme — Compounds Named Geometric Meaning of Cross Product Halogen Physical Trends — Volatility Hardy-weinberg Named — Little Sums Homogeneous Linear Systems Human Evolution (school Names) — Fossil Names Human Evolution (school Names) — What Biology Does Not Say Human Male System (exam Names) — Hormone Word Hydrogen Halides — Acid Strength I J K Table Induction On Inequalities Inductive Step K Means Kinetic Energy Kirchhoff's Junction Rule Kirchhoff's Loop Rule Lamarck vs Darwin — Darwin Core Lamarck vs Darwin — Lamarck Problem Layers of the Air — Stratosphere Linear and Angular Variables Linear Sum Magnitude from Rectangular Components Mass Defect Micrometer Screw Gauge Mitosis vs Meiosis — Meiosis Mitosis vs Meiosis — Mitosis Moment of Inertia Monohybrid Cross — Punnett Habit Monohybrid Cross — Test Cross Multi-loop Networks Multiplicative Inverse of a Complex Number Mutation Types (names) — Chromosome Name the Parts Naming Aliphatic Chains (iupac School) — Suffix vs Prefix Not Together / Ends Nuclear Energy (names, Not Weapons) — Civilian Names Nuclear Energy (names, Not Weapons) — Not in These Notes Nucleophilic Substitution Idea — Aqueous vs Alcoholic Nucleophilic Substitution Idea — Products Objects Kept Together in Arrangements Other School Reactions — Pcl5 / Lucas Other School Reactions — Safety Slogans Ozone Layer (stratosphere) — Ozone Cycle Periods of Trigonometric Functions Petrochemical Building Blocks (names) — Other Blocks Physical Quantities: Qualitative and Quantitative Pollination, Fertilisation, Seed — Pollination Types Polymerisation (addition, Names) — Issues Polymerisation (addition, Names) — Repeat Unit Power in Ac Circuits Preparation Names (school) — Aromatic Named Principle of Homogeneity and Dimensional Analysis Product Rule Proof of the Remainder Theorem Reaction Types (organic Map) — Add / Elim / Sub Recognizing Permutation Problems Replication (school) — Enzyme Names Resistivity and Temperature Resistors in Parallel Resistors in Series Resolution of Vectors Retrosynthesis (one Step Back) — Chain Length Rotational Kinematics Round Table Row Times Column Scalar Multiplication of Matrices Scientific Notation and Order of Magnitude Second Law of Thermodynamics Sex Determination — Other Animals Sex-linked Inheritance — Work a Carrier Cross SI Base Units and Symbol Conventions SI Prefixes and Unit Conversion Single-Loop Circuits Smog, Acid Rain, Aqi — Smog Types Sn2 (one-step Idea) — Rate Law Sources of Centripetal Force Special Types of Matrices Stationary Waves in an Air Column Stationary Waves in a Stretched String Fluid Flow: Streamline and Turbulent Flow Sulphuric Acid Reactions (school) — Conc Named Terminal Potential Difference Terminal Velocity The Determinant Torricelli's Theorem Vector Addition Viscosity, Viscous Drag and Stokes' Law Water Treatment (slogans, Not a Plant) — Drinking Water Treatment (slogans, Not a Plant) — Sewage Why Carbon Is Special — Catenation Why Carbon Is Special — Not All Carbon With Ends Work Done by a Constant Force Work-Energy Principle Young's Modulus Potentiometer and Null Measurement Product of Vectors 180 and Cast Abiotic and Biotic Factors Absolute-value Inequalities AC Through an Inductor and Capacitor Acceleration As Rate of Velocity Acceleration Due to Gravity at Earth's Surface Access Data Types Acid Derivatives (names) — Chloride and Ester Action Queries Adaptation and Fitness Adaptive Immunity Adding Records Age, Size and Fate of the Universe Agriculture, Food Security and Biological Control Air Pollutants (named) — Co and Co2 Aldehydes and Ketones — Bond Alkenes and the C=c Bond — Isomers Alkenes and the C=c Bond — Sigma and Pi Allergy and Autoimmune Disease Alpha, Beta and Gamma Radiations Alternating Current and Ac Terminology Ammonia and Nitric Acid (school Names) — Hno3 and Nitrates Ammonia and Nitric Acid (school Names) — Nh3 Angle Between Two Lines Angle in a Semicircle Angles in the Same Segment Antiderivatives and Constants Applications and Calculator Checks Applications of Conics Applications of Conservation of Momentum Approximation, Error, and Tolerance Arccos Definition and Graph Arcsin Definition and Graph Arctan Definition and Graph Are Aliens Real? Scientific Debate Area Between Curves Area of a Triangle from Coordinates Area Under a Curve Atmospheric Cells — Hadley, Ferrell, Polar Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Atomic Spectra and Hydrogen Spectrum Average Translational Kinetic Energy Average Value of a Function Basic Exponential Integrals Basic Graph Transformations Basic Trigonometric Integrals The Big Bang Theory Binding Energy Per Nucleon and Nuclear Stability Exam Application Key Idea Exam Application Key Idea Sex Determination Sex-linked Inheritance Speciation Antibiotics and Resistance Biodiversity and Conservation — Actions Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stability Bioelectricity Biogeochemical Cycles Biotechnology and Its Scope Bisection Method Bisection Stopping Criteria Black and Shiny Surfaces Black-body Radiation and Planck's Quantum Theory Bohr Model and Discrete Atomic Energy Levels Bond Fission and Reagent Types — Fission Calculated Controls Calculated Fields Cancer Biology Capacitor and Capacitance Capacitors and Capacitance Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles — Carbon Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors Centrifugation Chain Rule Changing the Base of a Logarithm Chapter Summary — Make, Protect, Measure Characteristic X-rays Charging and Discharging of a Capacitor Checking an Integral Chem-11 Exam Application Chem-11 Key Idea Flame Tests Lipids Nucleic Acids Scientific Notation Choosing Methods and Forensic Links Choosing the Stationary and Mobile Phases Chromatography Variables and Reliability Circle in Standard Form Circle Through Three Points Cis-trans and Markovnikov (exam) — Cis-trans Cis-trans and Markovnikov (exam) — Major Product Classifying Halogenoalkanes — Polarity and B.p. Climate As a Chaotic System Climate Change Climate Inertia and Feedbacks Coefficient of Variation Column Layout and Formatting Combo Boxes and List Boxes Combustion Analysis Combustion and Dehydration — Combustion Combustion and Dehydration — Dehydration Command Buttons and Macros Common Errors and Solution Checks Communicable Disease Control Communicating Scientific Results Communication Uses of Electromagnetic Waves Community Interactions Comparative Anatomy Complementary Angles Producing Equal Ranges Composition of Functions Compositions Outside Principal Ranges Conic Intersections Conics and Eccentricity Conservation Biology Constant Acceleration Equations Constructing Direct Common Tangents Constructing Quadrilaterals Constructing Transverse Common Tangents Constructing Triangles from Mixed Data Construction Proof and Justification Constructive and Destructive Interference Continuity at a Point Continuous X-rays (bremsstrahlung) Controls and Data Binding Coordinate Distance and Midpoint Coordinate Proofs Coriolis Effect and Wind Deflection Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Cosmological Models and Modern Cosmology Creating Tables Criteria Crosstab Queries Dark Energy and Accelerating Expansion Dark Matter Data Validation Feedback Database Security Basics Datasheet View Definite Integrals Degenerate Matter, Neutron Stars, BEC and Superfluidity Derivation of Gas Pressure Equation Derivative from First Principles Derivatives of Inverse Trig Functions Determinant Properties Diagnostic Ultrasound and Sonography Dielectrics, Capacitor Types and Uses Differential Equations and Order Diffraction Grating and Grating Element Diffraction Grating Equation and Spectroscopy Diffraction of Waves and Single-slit Diffraction Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration in SHM Dissolved Oxygen and Simple Monitoring — Numbers Dissolved Oxygen and Simple Monitoring — O2 Knives Distance from a Point to a Line Distance Travelled On an Interval Division of a Line Segment Dna Profiling Dna Sequencing Dnph and Iodoform On Carbonyls — Dnph Dnph and Iodoform On Carbonyls — Iodoform On These Domain of Sine and Cosine Domain Restrictions of Tan, Cot, Sec, and Csc Domains and Ranges Doppler Ultrasound and Blood Flow Double-angle Equations Earth Energy Budget and Greenhouse Effect Ecological Pyramids and Energy — Gpp and Npp Ecological Succession Ecology and Levels of Organization Editing and Deleting Records Effect of Air Resistance Electric Potential and Potential Energy Electric Potential Difference and Work Electric Potential Due to a Point Charge Electric Potential Energy and Electric Potential Electromagnetic Waves and Electromagnetic Spectrum Electron Double-slit Experiment Electrophilic Addition (ethene School) — Br2 and H2 Electrophilic Addition (ethene School) — Hbr and Steam Elegance of Mathematics in Physics Ellipse Geometry Ellipse in Standard Form Embryological and Molecular Evidence Energy Flow and Ecological Pyramids Energy Imbalance — Equator vs Poles Equal Chords and Equal Central Angles Equation of a Line Through Two Points Equation of a Line Equations Reducible by Factoring Equations with Shifted Angles Equilibrium Solutions Escape Velocity Even and Odd Functions Evidence for the Big Bang Evolution and Common Descent Exact Inverse Values Exam Response (carbonyls and Acids) — Conversions Exam Response (carbonyls and Acids) — Tests Exam Response (chromosome and Dna) — Cell Division Exam Response (chromosome and Dna) — Molecular Expansion of the Universe Exponential and Logarithmic Graphs Exponential Decay and Half-life Exponential Growth and Decay Exporting Reports Extraneous and Lost Solutions Factorial Values and Recursion Family and Intersection of Lines Faraday's Law Fertilisation and Pregnancy (school Overview) — Placenta Field Properties Filtering Records Finding and Replacing First Equation of Motion First-order Linear Form Five Components of Earth's Climate System Fixed-point Convergence Fixed-point Iteration Flame-test Method and Limitations Food Chains and Food Webs Food Chains and Webs — Web Form Creation Methods Form Layout Form Testing Formatting and Readability Forming an Equation from Its Roots Formulas (empirical to Skeletal) — Displayed and Structural Formulas (empirical to Skeletal) — Skeletal and Empirical Fossil Evidence Fossil Fuels and Crude Oil — Fractions Named Free-Fall Motion Fringe Spacing in Young's Experiment From Acid to Alcohol and Back — Oxidise Up From Acid to Alcohol and Back — Reduce Full-wave Rectification and Filtering Function Notation and Evaluation Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Galaxies and the Milky Way Gel Electrophoresis Gene Flow and Mutation Gene Therapy General and Particular Solutions General Equation of a Circle General Solution Idea Genetic Drift Genetically Modified Organisms Graph-based Modelling Graph Transformations Gravitational Field and Field Strength Gravity, Atmospheres, and Stellar Gases Greatest and Least Velocity Greenhouse Effect and Climate (school) — Footprint Slogans Greenhouse Effect and Climate (school) — Gases Grouped Mean and Weighted Mean Grouping and Sorting Habitat and Ecological Niche Half-life and Decay Constant Half-wave Rectification Halogen Physical Trends — Colour and Solubility Hardness and Simple Tests (school) — Permanent and Soap Hardy-weinberg Principle Health and Disease Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Historical Ideas About Evolution Horizontal Range How Ct Scanning Works Human Evolution Human Male System (exam Names) — Glands and Ducts Human Population and Sustainability Hydrogen and Comparing Sources — Compare Hydrogen and Comparing Sources — Hydrogen Hyperbola Geometry Hyperbola in Standard Form Idea of a Limit Ideal Gas Model and Molecular Motion Identifying a Conic from an Equation Images, Headers, and Metadata Impedance, Phase Difference and Ac Applications Implicit Differentiation Importing and Linking Incomplete Dominance and Codominance — Blood Group Incomplete Dominance and Codominance — Incomplete Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology Inequalities On a Number Line Inequalities with Rational Expressions Infinite Limits and Vertical Asymptotes Infrared (ir) Spectroscopy Initial-value Problems Innate Immunity Integration by Parts Integration by Substitution Interference of Light and Coherent Sources Interference of Microwaves Interference of Sound Waves Internal Variations vs External Forcing Interpreting Chromatogram Patterns Intersecting Chords Theorem Intersection of a Line and Circle Introduction to Cosmology Inverse Functions Inverse Identities Inverse Piezoelectric Effect and Ultrasound Inverse Trig Equations Inverse Verification Ionising and Non-ionising Radiation Isomerism (structural and Stereo Intro) — Stereo Isomerism (structural and Stereo Intro) — Structural Joining Tables Left-hand and Right-hand Limits Lenz's Law Limit Laws Limits at Infinity Limits by Factorization Limits by Rationalization Locus and Modelling Malnutrition and Deficiency Diseases Mass Spectrometry DETERMINANT OF A 2x2 MATRIX Even and Odd Functions Matrix Multiplication Cos of Difference Not Linear Product Rule Compound Inequalities Median Properties of Inequalities Theorem and Converse Mathematical Modelling Steps Matrix Order and Dimensions Maximum Height Maximum Range Mean-square and Rms Speed Measurement Evidence and Uncertainty Medical Uses of Nuclear Radiation and Pet Mendel and the Language of Genes — Letters Microscopic and Macroscopic Description of Gases Microsoft Access Environment MINIMUM WAVELENGTH λ_min = hc/eV Modelling and Units Modelling Periodic Situations Models in Physics Modern Spectroscopy and the Electromagnetic Spectrum Molecular Origin of Gas Pressure Motion Graphs Multiple Roots and Multiplicity Mutual Inductance Named Water Pollutants — Nutrients and Metals Named Water Pollutants — Sewage and Bod Naming Aliphatic Chains (iupac School) — Root and Number Navigation and Object Management Newton Method Failures and Safeguards Newton-raphson Method Newton's Cannonball Thought Experiment Nitrogen in the Air and in Compounds — Compounds Nitrogen in the Air and in Compounds — N2 Nitrous Acid Reaction (school) — Aromatic and 2 Non-Ideal Gases and Limits of the Ideal Model Nuclear Binding Energy Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fusion Nuclear Reactions and Q-value Nuclear Reactors and Uranium Enrichment Numerical Differentiation Numerical Integration and Checking Nutrition and Balanced Diet Observation and Inference Ocean Currents — Surface and Deep One-one and Many-one Functions Onto and Into Mappings Opposite Angles of a Cyclic Quadrilateral Orbital Motion and Orbital Velocity Orbital Period and Kepler Relation Oxides of Nitrogen (named) — Smog and Acid Oxidising Power and Displacement — Displacement Oxidising Power and Displacement — Why P-type and N-type Semiconductors Pagination and Printing Pair Annihilation Pair Production Parabola in Standard Form Parabola with Vertical Axis Parallel and Perpendicular Lines Parameter Queries Parent Graphs of Sine and Cosine Partial Fractions: Linear Factors Pathogens and Transmission Pedigree Idea — Dominant and X Perpendicular Bisector Construction Perpendicular from the Centre to a Chord Photoelectric Effect Coulomb's Law Electric Current Electric Field Strength Generator (right) Greenhouse Effect Length and Area Motor (left) Ohm's Law Series Specific Heat Capacity Thermal Expansion Transformers Gravitational Potential Energy Gravitational Potential Mass Defect Resonance Branches of Physics Physics in Society and the Environment Piecewise-defined Functions Piecewise Functions Piezoelectric Effect Planning a Database Planning an Ion-identification Sequence Pollination, Fertilisation, Seed — Seed and Fruit Pollution and Biomagnification Pollution and Climate — Climate Pollution and Climate — Eutrophication Steps Polymerase Chain Reaction Polynomial and Rational Graphs Population and Community — Counting Population and Community — Curves Population Genetics and Allele Frequency Population Growth Population Size and Density Position, Displacement, and Distance Potential Due to Multiple Charges and Equipotential Surfaces Power, Constant, and Sum Rules Power Rule for Integration Power Transmission Primary Keys and Indexes Principle of Superposition and Interference Probability from Frequency Data Projectile Launched at an Angle Projectile Launched Horizontally Projectile Motion Proton Nmr Spectroscopy Purpose of Forms Purpose of Queries Purpose of Reports Quadratic Equations in One Trig Function Quantum Interpretations of the Double-Slit Experiment Query Testing Quotient Rule Radioactive Decay Law and Activity Radioactivity and Radioactive Decay Range of Sine and Cosine Rate of Cooling Reaction Types (organic Map) — Redox and Hydrolysis Recombinant Dna Cloning Recombinant Medicines and Vaccines Record Source Records and Concurrency Recovering Position from Velocity Recovering Velocity from Acceleration Redshift and Hubble's Law Relations Between Roots and Coefficients Relationships Window Repeated and Irreducible Factors Repeated Integration by Parts Report Sections Report Sources Report Verification Report Wizard and Design Views Rest and Change of Direction Restriction Enzymes and Ligase Rl and Rc Series Circuits RMS and Peak Values Rms Speed of an Ideal Gas Scalar Product or Dot Product Scalars and Vectors Compared Scale Drawings and Accuracy Second Equation of Motion Section Formula Select Queries Self-inductance Separable Equations Separable Growth and Decay Separating Funnel Sequences and Nth Terms Series and Partial Sums Should Subatomic Particle Research Continue? Sign Change and Root Bracketing Singular and Non-singular Matrices Sinusoidal AC Voltage and Current Slope and Inclination Slope Between Two Points Slope Fields and Qualitative Behaviour Smog, Acid Rain, Aqi — Acid Rain and Aqi Solutions On a Stated Interval Solving Cos X=a Solving Exponential Equations with Logarithms Solving Sin X=a Solving Systems by Matrix Inverse Solving Tan X=a Sorting and Hidden Fields Sorting Records Speeding Up and Slowing Down Stationary Points and Optimization Statistical Interpretation of the Ideal Gas Law Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Sti Prevention Education and Exam — Prevention Lines Sti Prevention Education and Exam — Why Biology Cares Stretching and Compressing Graphs Subforms Sublimation Substance Misuse and Health Substitution with Limits Succession and Exam Ecology — Paper Kit Sulphur and Its Oxides — So3 and Acid Rain Sum-to-product and Product-to-sum Superconductivity Systems of Linear Inequalities Tangent-chord Theorem Applications Tangent, Normal, and Rate of Change Tangent to a Circle Tangent to a Hyperbola Tangent to a Parabola Tangent to an Ellipse Tests for Halide Ions Tests for Sulphate and Carbonate Ions Tests to Check the Product — C=c and C-x The Atmosphere and Its Layers The Biosphere and Carbon Cycle The Cryosphere and Albedo The Flower — Male and Female Parts The Hydrosphere and Water Balance The Lithosphere and Climate Links The P-N Junction Thermal Conductivity Thermohaline Circulation Third Equation of Motion Time of Flight Time of Summit Tollens and Fehling (aldehyde Tests) — Fehling Tollens and Fehling (aldehyde Tests) — Tollens Totals Queries Totals Row Traditional and Modern Biotechnology Transcription and the Code — Mrna Transformer Turns Ratio Transgenic Crops Transistor As a Switch and Amplifier Translated Ellipses Translated Hyperbolas Translated Parabolas Translations and Reflections Types of Discontinuity Types of Natural Selection The Universe and Its Large-Scale Structure Uses and Environment (names) — Harm Slogans Uses and Environment (names) — Named Uses and Safety Slogans — Links Uses and Safety (slogans) — Named Uses Uses and Safety Slogans — Warnings Using an Integrating Factor Using Fundamental Identities Uv-visible Spectroscopy Vaccination Vacuum Flask Validation and Usability VARIATION OF g WITH ALTITUDE Vector Components and Unit Vectors Vector Product or Cross Product Vectors and Plasmids Velocity As Rate of Position Verification of Solutions Wave-particle Duality and De Broglie Waves Wave Speed, Frequency, and Wavelength in the Spectrum What Analytical Chemistry Is What Medical Imaging Is Why Ct Beats a Plain X-ray Film Why Principal Values Are Needed With a and D X-ray Imaging and Contrast X-ray Tube — How X-rays Are Made Yield and Purity (school) — Purify Names Yield and Purity (school) — Yield Angular Momentum Torque and Angular Acceleration Weightlessness in Satellites Artificial Gravity Angular Acceleration Angular Displacement Angular Position Angular Velocity Centrifuge Other Sources of Centripetal Force Work-Energy Theorem in Resistive Medium Ships and Submarines Paratrooper's Jump Ideal and Real Fluids Aerofoil and Lift Bernoulli Effect, Atomizer and Filter Pump Magnus Effect Venturi Meter Blood Pressure Measurement with a Sphygmomanometer Super Fluidity Polycrystalline and Polymeric Solids Unit Cell and Crystal Lattice Deformation, Stress and Strain Stress-Strain Curve for a Ductile Material Force-Extension Graph and Elastic Potential Energy Young's Modulus of a Metallic Wire: Experiment Ideal Gas Equation and Boltzmann Constant Internal Energy Thermal Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Systems Kinetic Theory of Gases and Ideal-Gas Conditions Thermodynamic Work and P-V Diagrams Charles’s Law Gay-Lussac’s Law Adiabatic Process Isobaric Process Isochoric Process Isothermal Process Four-Stroke Petrol Engine Heat Engine Cyclic Process in Thermodynamics Carnot Efficiency and Carnot Theorem Carnot Engine and Carnot Cycle Refrigerator and Heat Pump Entropy and Its Sign Convention Entropy, Energy Degradation and Arrow of Time Intensity of Waves Applications of the Doppler Effect Doppler Effect: Moving Listener Superposition of Waves Interference of Waves Stationary Waves (Standing Waves) Modes of Vibration in an Open Pipe Modes of Vibration in a Closed Pipe Experiment to Demonstrate Stationary Waves Polarization Polarization by a Polaroid Filter Polarization by Reflection Uses of Polaroids Gravitational Waves Interferometer Superposition of Electrostatic Forces Potential Gradient Motion of a Charged Particle in an Electric Field Ferrofluid 1.1.1 Branches of Physics 1.1 Introduction to Physics 1.10.1 General Rules for Writing Significant Figures 1.10.2 Rounding Off Numbers and Significant Figures 1.10 Significant Figures 1.2.1 Base and Derived Physical Quantities 1.2 Physical and Non-Physical Quantities 1.3.1 System International (SI) Base Units 1.3.2 System International (SI) Derived Units 1.3 International System of Units 1.4 Standard Form / Scientific Notation 1.5 Prefixes to Power of Ten 1.6.1 Scalar Quantities or Scalars 1.6.2 Vector Quantities or Vectors 1.6.3 Adding Vector Quantities 1.6 Scalars and Vectors 1.7.1 Metre Rule and Measuring Tape 1.7.2 Vernier Caliper 1.7.3 Screw Gauge 1.7.4 Physical Balance 1.7.5 Measuring Cylinder 1.7.6 Stop Watch 1.7 Measuring Instruments 1.8 Errors 1.9 Precision and Accuracy 2.1.1 Types of Motion 2.1 Rest and Motion 2.2 Distance and Displacement 2.3.1 (A) Average Speed 2.3.1 (B) Instantaneous Speed 2.3.1 (C) Uniform and Variable Speed 2.3.1 Speed 2.3.2 (A) Average Velocity 2.3.2 (B) Instantaneous Velocity 2.3.2 (C) Uniform and Variable Velocity 2.3.2 Velocity 2.3 Speed and Velocity 2.4.1 Uniform and Non-uniform Acceleration 2.4 Acceleration 2.5 Motion Due to Gravity 2.6.1 Distance-Time Graph 2.6.2 Speed-Time Graph 2.6 Graphical Analysis of Motion 3.1.1 Types of Forces 3.1.2 Fundamental Forces in Nature 3.1.3 Force Diagrams 3.1.4 Concept of Net Force 3.1 Force 4.1 Forces on Bodies 4.2 Moment of a Force 4.3 Center of Mass 4.4.1 Condition of Equilibrium 4.4.2 Principle of Moments 4.4 Equilibrium 4.5.1 Stable Equilibrium 4.5.2 Unstable Equilibrium 4.5.3 Neutral Equilibrium 4.5 Stability 4.6.1 Microscopic Description of Friction 4.6.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Friction 4.6.3 Methods of Reducing Friction 4.6.4 Rolling Friction 4.6.5 Fluid Friction 4.6.6 Frictional Dissipation 4.6 Friction 4.7 Centripetal Force 4.8 Orbital Motion 5.1.1 Hooke's Law 5.1.2 Applications of Hooke's Law 5.1 Elasticity 6.1 Work 6.2.1 Kinetic Energy 6.2.2 Potential Energy 6.2.3 Energy Conversion and Conservation 6.2 Energy and Its Forms 6.3.1 Fossil Fuels 6.3.2 Nuclear Fuel 6.3.3 Bio-Mass Fuel 6.3.4 Hydro Electric Resources 6.3.5 Solar Radiation 6.3.6 Geothermal Resources 6.3.7 Wind 6.3.8 Waves in the Sea 6.3.9 Tides 6.3 Major Energy Resources 6.4 Power 6.5 Efficiency 7.1 Density 7.2.1 Density of Regularly Shaped Solids 7.2.2 Density of Irregular Shaped Object (Displacement Method) 7.2 Measuring Densities of Different Substances 7.3 States of Matter 7.4 Plasma as a Fourth State of Matter 7.5 Relationship Between the Motion of Particles and Temperature 7.6 Internal Energy and Temperature of a Substance 7.8.1 Expansion of Liquids 7.8.2 Variation of Volume and Pressure 7.8.3 Variation in Colour of Crystals 7.8.4 Resistance Thermometers or Thermistors 7.8.5 Bimetallic Strip Thermometers 7.8 Variation in Physical Properties as a Tool for Measuring Temperature of a Substance 8.1.1 Force Between Magnetic Poles 8.1 Domain Theory of Magnetism 8.2.1 Magnetic Field of a Bar Magnet 8.2.2 Direction of Magnetic Field at a Point 8.2.3 Relative Strength of Magnetic Field 8.2.4 Magnetic Shielding 8.2 Magnetic Field 8.3.1 Temporary and Permanent Magnets 8.3.2 Applications of Magnets: Door Locks 8.3.2 Applications of Magnets: Magnetic Recording 8.3.2 Applications of Magnets: Speakers 8.3.2 Uses of Permanent Magnets and Electromagnets 8.3 Induced Magnetism 8.4.1 Difference Between Magnetic and Non-Magnetic Materials 8.4 Types of Magnetic Materials 8.5 Nature of the Earth's Magnetic Field 1.1 Introduction to Biology 1.2 Major Fields of Biology 1.3 Relationship of Biology with Other Sciences 1.4 Careers That Require a Background in Biology 1.5 Science is a Collaborative Field 1.6 Biological Method 1.7 Hypothesis, Theory and Law 1.8 Malaria — An Example of Biological Method of Study 10.1 Variation and Evolution 10.2 Theory of Natural Selection 10.3 Evidence of Evolution 10.4 Speciation 2.1 Definition and Introduction to Biodiversity 2.2 Classification 2.3 History of Classification 2.4 Classification — The Three Domains System 2.5 Taxonomic Ranks of Classification 2.6 Species 2.7 Binomial Nomenclature 2.8 Complications of Classifying Viruses 3.1 The Cell — Structure of Cell and Cell Organelles 3.2 Structural Advantages of Animal and Plant Cell 3.3 Cell Specialization 3.4 Division of Labour 3.5 Stem Cells 4.1 Cell Cycle 4.2 Spindle Apparatus 4.3 Mitosis 4.4 Meiosis 4.5 Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis 5.1 The Levels of Organization 5.2 Organs 5.3 Organ Systems and Homeostasis 5.4 Plant Tissues 5.5 Animal Tissues 6.1 Biochemistry/Molecular Biology 6.2 Biological Molecules 6.3 Proteins 6.4 Lipids 6.5 Carbohydrates 6.6 Nucleic Acids 7.1 Metabolism and Its Types 7.2 Enzymes and Their Characteristics 7.3 Mechanism of Enzyme Action 7.4 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity 7.5 Enzyme Inhibition 7.6 Role of ATP — The Energy Currency of Cell 8.1 Nutrition in Plants 8.2 Transport in Plants 8.3 Gas Exchange in Plants 8.4 Homeostasis in Plants 9.1 Asexual Reproduction 9.2 Methods of Natural Vegetative Propagation 9.3 Methods of Artificial Vegetative Propagation 9.4 Sexual Reproduction in Plants 1.1 Definition of Chemistry and Its Interaction with Other Matter and Energy 1.2 Branches of Chemistry 1.3 Examples of Essential Questions That Are Important for the Branches of Chemistry 1.4 Daily Life Applications of Chemistry 1.5 'Science' Technology and 'Engineering' 1.6 Applications of Science and Technology and Engineering 10.1.1 Arrhenius Concept of Acids and Bases 10.1.2 The Bronsted-Lowry Concept of Acids and Bases 10.1 Concepts of Acids and Bases 10.2.2 Strong and Weak Bases 10.2 Strength of Acids and Bases 10.3 Characteristic Properties of Acids 10.4 Characteristic Properties of Bases 10.5 Oxides and Hydroxides 11.1 Composition of Atmosphere 11.10 Risk Factors 11.2.6 Ground Level Ozone (O₃) 11.2 Air Pollutants 11.3.2 Human Activities 11.3 Sources of Air Pollution 11.4 Global Warming 11.5 Acid Rain and Its Effects 11.6 Catalytic Converters 11.7.2 Strategies to Solve Acid Rain 11.7 Strategies to Reduce Environmental Problems 11.8 Photosynthesis 11.9 Personal Protective Measures Against Pollution 12.1.1 Water as Solvent 12.1.2 Quality of Water from Natural Resources 12.1.3 Disadvantages of Natural Substances Found in Water 12.1.4 Benefits of Natural Substances Found in Water 12.1 Properties of Water 12.2.1 Distilled Water 12.2.2 Tap Water 12.2 Treatment of Domestic Water Supply 12.3 Water Pollution 12.4 Waterborne Diseases 12.5 Ways to Deal with the Negative Effects of Water Pollution 12.6 Water Scarcity in Pakistan 12.7 Fertilizers 13.1 Organic Compounds 13.2.1 General Characteristics of a Homologous Series 13.2 Homologous Series 13.3 Structural Formula 13.4 Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 13.5 Chemical Diversity of Organic Compounds 13.6 Classification of Organic Compounds 13.7.1 Functional Groups Containing Carbon, Hydrogen and Halogens: Haloalkanes 13.7.2 Functional Groups Containing Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen: Alcohols 13.7.3 Phenols 13.7.4 Ethers 13.7.5 Aldehydes and Ketones 13.7.6 Carboxylic Acids 13.7.7 Esters 13.7.8 Amides 13.7.9 Functional Groups Containing Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen: Amines 13.7 Functional Groups 14.1 Alkanes 14.2 General Methods of Preparations of Alkanes 14.3.1 Halogenation 14.3.2 Combustion 14.3.3 Substitution Reaction 14.3 Properties of Alkanes 2.1 States of Matter 2.2 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures 2.3 Allotropes 2.4.1 Aqueous Solutions 2.4.2 Saturated Solution 2.4.3 Unsaturated Solution 2.4.5 Supersaturated Solution 2.4.6 Concentrated and Dilute Solution 2.4.7 Solubility 2.4.8 Effect of Temperature on Solubility 2.4 Solution 2.5 Colloids & Suspensions 3.1 Atomic Models 3.2 Subatomic Particles 3.3 Proton or Atomic Number 3.4 Relative Atomic Mass and Atomic Mass Unit 3.5.1 Isotopes of Hydrogen 3.5.2 Isotopes of Carbon 3.5.3 Isotopes of Chlorine 3.5.4 Isotopes of Uranium 3.5.5 Determination of Relative Atomic Mass 3.5.6 Uses of Isotopes 3.5.7 Carbon Dating 3.5 Isotopes 3.6 Cations and Anions 3.7 Electronic Configuration 4.1.1 Periods and Groups of Elements 4.1.2 s and p Blocks in the Periodic Table 4.1 Periodic Table 4.2 Group Number and Charge on an Ion 4.3.1 Shielding Effect 4.3.2 Atomic Size 4.3.3 Ionization Energy 4.3.5 Electronegativity 4.3 Periodicity of Properties 4.4.1 Metallic Character 4.4.2 Reactivity 4.4.3 Density 4.4.4 Characteristic Properties of Alkali Metals 4.4.5 Prediction of Properties of Other Elements in Group 1 4.4.6 Position of Unknown Element in the Periodic Table 4.5 Transition Elements 4.6 Lanthanides & Actinides 4.7 Halogens 4.8 Noble Gases 4.9 Comparison of General Physical Properties of Metals and Non-Metals 5.1 Why Do Atoms React? 5.2 Chemical Bonds 5.3.1 Ionic Bonds 5.3.3 Types of Covalent Bond on the Basis of Polarity 5.3.4 Coordinate Covalent Bond 5.3 Types of Bonds 5.4 Intermolecular Forces 5.5.1 Graphite 5.5.2 Diamond 5.5.3 Contrasting Ionic and Covalent Compounds and Their Uses 5.5 Nature of Bonding, Structure and Properties 5.6.1 Structure and Properties of Metals Which Make It Suitable for Industrial Purposes 5.6 Metallic Bonds 6.1 Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula 6.2 Molecular Mass and Formula Mass 6.3 Chemical Formula and Name of Binary Ionic Compounds 6.4.1 Gram Atomic Mass, Gram Molecular Mass and Gram Formula Mass 6.4 Avogadro's Number and Mole 6.5.1 Mole-Mass Calculations 6.5.2 Mole-Particles Calculations 6.6.2 Exploring Ionic Equations 6.6 Chemical Equation and Balancing 6.7 Molecular and Structural Formula 7.1.3 Oxidation and Reduction in Terms of Transfer of Electrons 7.1 Oxidation-Reduction in Terms of Loss or Gain of Oxygen, Hydrogen or Electrons 7.2.2 Rules for Assigning Oxidation States or Numbers 7.2 Oxidation States and Rules for Assigning Oxidation States 7.3.1 Use of Roman Numerals as Oxidation Number 7.3 Formula of an Ionic Compound 7.4.2 How Can You Identify Oxidizing and Reducing Agents in a Chemical Reaction? 7.4 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents 7.5.2 Prevention of Corrosion 7.5 Corrosion and Its Prevention 8.1.1 System and Surroundings 8.1 Energy in Chemical Reactions 8.2.2 Endothermic Reactions 8.2 Thermochemical Reactions 8.3 Enthalpy of Reaction 8.4 Bond Energy and Bond Dissociation Energy 8.5 Activation Energy 8.6 Catalyst 8.7 Respiration 9.1 Reversible Reactions and Dynamic Equilibrium 9.2 Conditions for Equilibrium 9.3 Effect of Heat (Temperature) on a Chemical Equilibrium System 1.1 Brief History of Computer Systems and Generations of Computers 1.2 Understanding Systems and their Types 1.3.1 Input Devices 1.3.2 System Unit 1.3.3 Storage Devices 1.3.4 Output Devices 1.3.5 Ports, Expansion Slots and Expansion Cards 1.3 Core Components of a Computer System 1.4 Von Neumann Architecture 1.5 Data Transmission within a Computer System 1.6.1 Memory Terminology 1.6.2 Memory Built-up and Retention Power 1.6.3 Types and Hierarchy of Computer Memory 1.6.4 Main Memory 1.6.5 Secondary Memory 1.6 Computer Memory 1.7 Software Engineering and Hardware Engineering 1.8.1 System Software 1.8.2 Application Software 1.8.3 Programming Languages 1.8 Computer Software 1.9.1 Network Communication Components 1.9.10 OSI Model 1.9.11 Data Communication Protocols 1.9.12 The Internet 1.9.2 Modes of Network Communication 1.9.3 Communication Devices 1.9.4 Network Architecture 1.9.5 Types of Networks 1.9.6 Wireless Networks 1.9.7 Network Topologies 1.9.8 Packet Switching and Circuit Switching 1.9.9 Data Communication Standards 1.9 Data Communication 2.1 Problems 2.2 Identifying a Computing Problem 2.3 Problem Solving 2.4 Input-Processing-Output (I-P-O) Model 2.5 Input-Processing-Output (I-P-O) Chart 2.6 Computational Thinking 2.7.2 Algorithmic Thinking 2.7 Principles of Computational Thinking 2.8.1 Flowcharts 2.8.2 Concept Maps 2.8 Methods to Design a Solution 3.1 Introduction 3.2.1 HTML Document Object Model 3.2.2 HTML Comments 3.2.3 Tags in HTML 3.2.4 Manipulating Data with Tables 3.2.5 Links to Resources 3.2 Html 3.3.1 Decorating Tables with CSS 3.3.2 Homepage Decor 3.3.3 Adding a Video Clip in Website 3.3 Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) 3.4.1 Let's Meet JavaScript 3.4.2 Variables 3.4.3 Operators 3.4.4 Conditional Statement 3.4.5 Iterative Statement 3.4.6 Nested Loops 3.4.7 Arrays 3.4.8 Functions 3.4 Java Script 3.5 Debug The Code 3.6 Create a Dynamic Website 4.1 Data and Analysis 4.2.1 Sources of Data 4.2.2 Dataset and Database 4.2.3 Role of Database in Data Science 4.2.4 Data Collection in Data Science 4.2.8 Requirement of Summary Statistics 4.2 Data Types in Data Science 5.1.1 Artificial Intelligence 5.1.2 Machine Learning 5.1.3 Usage of AI for Benefiting People 5.1.4 Ethical Issues in Using Popular AI Tools 5.1 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 5.2.8 GPS Navigation 5.2 Different Areas of AI 5.3.10 Chatbot 5.3 Applications of AI 5.4.2 Types of Cloud Computing 5.4 Cloud Computing 6.1.8 Practice Safe Online Shopping and Banking 6.1 Safe and Responsible Use of Computer 6.10.7 Impact on E-commerce 6.10 Approaches to Computing Effects 6.11 Intellectual Property Protection Key Terms 6.2.3 Irresponsible Use of Software 6.2 Responsible use of hardware and software 6.3.2 Safe Use of Social Networking 6.3 Safe use of digital platform 6.4 Laws to protect user privacy and intellectual property 6.5.2 Harmful Effects of Computing Innovation 6.5 Computing Innovation 6.6 Malicious Software and Key Concepts 6.7 Information Privacy, System Security, and Usability Trade-offs 6.8 Disinformation and Fake News 6.9.2 Social Networking and Fake News 6.9 Social Networking 7.1.1 The Concept of Entrepreneurship 7.1.3 What is Design Thinking? 7.1.4 Developing a Business Plan 7.1.5 My Entrepreneurial Skills 7.1.6 My Ideas for Small Business 7.1.7 My Market 7.1.8 Setting My Price 7.1 You Will be Your Own Boss! 7.2.2 Profits 7.2 Cost of Production 1.1 Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Assimilation and Egestion 1.2.1 Alimentary Canal 1.2.2 Associated Organs 1.2 Human Alimentary Canal 1.3.1 Swallowing 1.3.2 Peristalsis 1.4.1 Digestion in the Oral Cavity 1.4.2 Digestion in Stomach 1.4.3 Digestion in the Small Intestine 1.4.4 Absorption in the Small Intestine 1.4.5 Absorption in Large Intestine 1.4.6 Assimilation 1.4 Chemical Digestion 1.5 Role of Liver 1.6 Structure of Villus 1.7 Disorders of Gut 10.1 Introduction to Biotechnology 10.2 Food Biotechnology Related to Advanced Agriculture in Pakistan 10.3 Medical Biotechnology in Advancement of Healthcare in Diabetes and Cancer 10.4 Potential Advantages of Genetic Editing with Examples in Medicine and Agriculture 10.5 Benefits of Marine Biotechnology 10.6 Bioremediation: Taking Better Care of Our Environment 11.1 Biostatistics and Its Uses 11.2.1 Arithmetic Mean or Simply Mean 11.2.2 Median 11.2.3 Mode 11.2 Definition and Calculation of Mean, Median and Mode 11.3 Sketching a Bar Chart for a Given Set of Biological Data 2.1 Organs Connected to Blood Circulatory System 2.2 Components of Blood 2.3 Cell Types Found in Blood 2.4 Blood Clotting 2.5.1 The Heart Chambers 2.5.2 The Heart Valves 2.5 Heart 2.6 Circulation of Blood 2.7 Transportation of Material Through Blood 2.8 Common Heart Diseases 2.9 Harmful Effects of Smoking On Heart 3.1 Air Passage Way 3.2 Mechanism of Breathing 3.3 Composition of Inspired and Expired Air 3.4 Diseases Related to Respiratory System 4.1 Human Urinary System 4.2 Structure and Function of Kidney 4.3.1 Functioning of Nephron and Urine Formation 4.3 Nephron 4.5 Osmoregulatory Function of Kidney 4.6.1 Kidney Stones and Treatment 4.6.2 Kidney Failure 4.6.3 Causes of Kidney Failure 4.6.4 Dialysis 4.6.5 Kidney Transplant 4.6 Disorders of Human Urinary System 5.1.1 Role of Nervous System 5.1 Nervous System and Its Role 5.2.1 Components of Central Nervous System 5.2.2 Peripheral Nervous System 5.2 Human Nervous System 5.3.1 Types of Neurons 5.3 Neuron 5.4 Stimulus 5.5 Nerve Impulses 5.6 Synapse 5.7 Neurotransmitters 5.8 Reflex Action 5.9.1 Pituitary Glands 5.9.2 Thyroid Gland 5.9.3 Parathyroid Glands 5.9.4 Pancreas 5.9.5 Adrenal Glands 5.9 Endocrine System 6.1.2 Female Sexual Development 6.1 Role of Hormones in Male and Female Sexual Development 6.2.2 Fertilization 6.2 Gametogenesis and Fertilization 6.3.1 Mechanism of Asexual Reproduction in Animals 6.3.2 Mechanism of Sexual Reproduction in Animals 6.3 Mechanism of Reproduction in Animals 6.4.4 Sex Determinator 6.4 Sex Determination in Human 7.1 Structure of Chromosome 7.2.1 Genes, Alleles and Loci 7.2.2 Genotype and Phenotype 7.2.2 Genotype and Phenotypes 7.2 Genotypes and Phenotypes 7.3.1 Inheritance of Single Trait by Monohybrid Cross 7.3.2 Inheritance of Two Traits by Dihybrid Cross 7.3 Mendelian Inheritance 8.1 Diseases 8.10 Antibiotics 8.2.1 Types of Infectious Diseases 8.2 Infectious Diseases 8.3 Zoonotic Diseases 8.4 Vector Borne Diseases 8.5 Non-infectious Diseases 8.6 Covid-19 8.7 Aids 8.8 Diabetes 8.9 Plant Diseases in Pakistan 9.1.2 Immune System 9.1 Immunity 9.2.1 Types of Immune Cells and Their Roles 9.2.2 Components of the Immune System 9.2.2 Innate Immune System 9.2 Organs of the Immune System 9.3 Functions of Adaptive Immunity 9.4 Vaccines 9.5 Allergies 1.1 Principles and Methods in Chemistry 1.2 Evolution of Scientific Ideas (Paradigms) 1.3 Scientific Paradigms in Chemistry 1.4 Confidence and Uncertainty in Chemistry 1.5 Repeatability and Reproducibility 10.1 Manufacture of Ethanol 10.2.1 Application of Alcohols as Fuels 10.2 Combustion of Alcohols 10.3 Role of Alcohols in the Pharmaceutical Industry 10.4 Role of Alcohols in the Cosmetic Industry 10.5 Impact of Alcohols on Everyday Life and Public Health 11.1 Carboxylic Acids 11.2 Reactions of Carboxylic Acids 11.3 Industrial Applications of Carboxylic Acids and Esters 11.4 Everyday Uses of Carboxylic Acids 11.5 Everyday Uses of Esters 12.1.1 Addition Polymers 12.1.2 Condensation Polymers 12.1 Polymers 12.2.2 Environmental Impact of Plastics 12.2 Plastics 12.3 Importance of Polymers in the Textile Industry 12.4.1 Environmental Challenges Caused by Plastics 12.4 Properties of Plastics and Their Implications for Disposal 13.1 Proteins 13.2 Carbohydrates 13.3 Lipids 13.4.1 Significance of Nucleic Acid 13.4 Nucleic Acid 13.5.1 Sources and Functions of Vitamins 13.5 Vitamins — Sources and their Importance to Health 13.6 Applications of Biochemistry 13.7.1 Genetic Engineering 13.7.2 Gene Therapy 13.7.3 Cloning 13.7 Genetics 2.1 Changes of States of Matter 2.2.1 Heating Curve 2.2.2 Cooling Curve 2.2.3 Kinetic Theory Interpretation 2.3 Evaporation and Boiling 2.4.1 Boyle's Law 2.4.2 Charles's Law 2.4.3 Avogadro's Law 2.4 Kinetic Particle Theory and Gas Laws 2.5 Diffusion of Gases 2.6.1 Importance of Diffusion Rates in Medicine 2.6 Sublimation 3.1 Mole 3.2 Percentage Composition 3.3 Limiting and Non-Limiting Reactants 3.4 Theoretical Yield, Actual Yield and Percent Yield 3.5 Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas 3.6.1 Molarity (M) (mol/dm³) 3.6.2 Problems Involving Interconversion of Molarity and Strength 3.6.3 Dilution of Solutions 3.6.4 Calculating the Concentration of a Solution Through Titration 3.6 Concentration Units 4.1.2 Concept of Electrolytes and Electrolysis 4.1.3 Electrolytic Cells 4.1 Electrochemistry 4.2.1 Electrolysis of Molten Electrolyte 4.2.2 Electrolysis of Concentrated Aqueous Solution 4.2.3 Electrolysis of Dilute Aqueous Solution 4.2 Electrolysis 4.3 Electrolysis of Halide Compound 4.4.1 Applications of Electroplating 4.4 Electroplating (Deposition Using the Same Electrode) 4.5 Galvanic Cells (Daniel Cells) 4.6 Electrochemical Series 4.7.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Fuel Cells 4.7 Battery — A Source of Electrical Energy 5.1 Rates of Reactions 5.2 Collision Theory and Activation Energy 5.3.1 Physical Parameters that Affect the Rate of Reaction 5.3.2 Factors Affecting Rate of Reactions 5.3.4 Enzymes 5.3 Catalysts and their Role in Reaction Kinetics 5.4 Role of Chemical Kinetics in the Food Industry 6.1 Salts 6.2.5 Hardness and Brittleness 6.2 Physical State and Melting Points 6.3.1 Preparation by Titration (Acid and Alkali) 6.3.2 Preparation with Excess Metal 6.3.3 Preparation with Excess Insoluble Base 6.3.4 Preparation with Excess Insoluble Carbonate 6.3 Preparation, Separation, and Purification of Soluble Salts 6.4 Soluble and Insoluble Salts 7.1 Photochemical Smog 7.2.4 Overall Impact on Acid Rain 7.2 Acid Rain 7.3 Contact Process 7.4 Haber Process 7.5.1 Reactivity Series 7.5 General Characteristics of Metals 7.5 Oxides 8.1.2 Structural Formulae for Alkenes 8.1.3 Structural Formulae for Alkynes 8.1 Structural Formula 8.2.1 Naming Alkanes 8.2.2 Naming Alkenes 8.2.3 Naming Alkynes 8.2.4 Naming Alcohols 8.2.5 Naming Carboxylic Acids 8.3 Esters 9.1 Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 9.2.2 Properties of Alkenes 9.2 Alkenes 9.3 Alkyne 9.4 Distinguishing Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 9.5.3 Petroleum 9.5 Fossil Fuels 9.6 Separating Crude Oil 1.1 Machine Level Representation of data 1.2.1 Types of Number Systems 1.2.2 Conversions from one Number system to the other 1.2.3 Binary Arithmetic 1.2.4 Overflow and Underflow 1.2.5 Compliments (1's and 2's) 1.2.6 Signed and Unsigned Numbers Representation 1.2 Numbering Systems 1.3.1 ASCII Coding Scheme 1.3.2 Unicode Coding Scheme 1.3 Common Coding Schemes (ASCII and Unicode) 1.4.1 Main Tasks/Functions of an Operating System 1.4.2 Types of Operating Systems 1.4.3 How OS manages to run Applications? 1.4.4 Process Management 1.4.5 Computer System Resources managed by an Operating System 1.4 Operating System 1.5.1 Comparing Different Software Types 1.5.2 Offline and Online Applications 1.5.3 Uses of Common Productivity Application Software 1.5.4 Application Patch 1.5.6 Programming Software 1.5 Computer Software 2.1 Computing Problems 2.10 Modular Design 2.11 Algorithm Dry Run 2.12 Errors 2.2 Basics of Counting Problems 2.3 Basic Counting Principles 2.4 Algorithms and their Characteristics 2.5 Logical Reasoning 2.6 Standard Algorithms 2.7 Steps in algorithm to solve computational problems 2.8 Abstraction 2.9 Creating Generalized Solutions 3.1 Website Development 3.2.1 Forms in HTML 3.2.2 Tables in HTML 3.2.3 Animations in CSS 3.2 Additional Features of HTML/CSS 3.3.1 Arrays in JavaScript 3.3.2 Bullet Points in HTML 3.3.3 Bullet Points can be Values from Arrays 3.3 Advanced Programming Constructs in JavaScript 3.4.1 Array & List are Similar 3.5.1 Unit Test 3.5.2 Debugging Allows to Analyze the Code 4.1.1 Data Science and its scope 4.1.10 Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Data Science (Similarities and Differences) 4.1.11 Churn Prediction and Behavioral Segmentations 4.1.2 Artificial Intelligence and its scope 4.1.3 Machine Learning and its scope 4.1.4 Data Science, Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Skills 4.1.5 Machine Learning Models 4.1.6 Supervised Learning Model 4.1.7 Unsupervised Learning Model 4.1.8 Reinforcement Learning Model 4.1.9 Choose an appropriate machine learning model 4.1 Data Science 4.2.1 Methods of Data Visualization 4.2.2 Types of Data Visualization 4.2.3 Uses of Data Visualization 4.2.4 Advantages/Benefits of Data Visualization 4.2.5 Database and Machine Learning 4.2 Data Visualization 4.3.1 Case Study: Understanding a real-world business problem and its formulation to data science problem 4.3 Stages of the Data Science Life Cycle 5.1 Internet of Things (IoT) 5.10 Bias and Unethical use of Artificial Intelligence 5.11 Responsibilities of AI System Designers 5.2.5 Data Processing 5.2 Foundational Components of IoT 5.3.8 Smart Home 5.3 Applications of IoT 5.4 Blockchain Technology 5.5.6 Asset Administration 5.5 Applications of Blockchain 5.6.2 Uses of Cloud Computing 5.6 Cloud Computing 5.7 Speech Recognition and Voice Recognition 5.8.5 Sentiment Analysis 5.8 Natural Language Processing 5.9.6 Robots in Healthcare 5.9 Robotics 6.1.1 Concern of Technology Addiction 6.1 What is Technology Addiction 6.10 Digital Divide 6.11 Inequitable Access to Information 6.2.1 Use internet for beneficial purposes 6.2.2 Use of internet for malicious purposes 6.2 Internet 6.3 The Effects of Threats to Individual Privacy and Security 6.4.3 Basics of Security and Privacy of Cloud Computing 6.4 Cloud Computing 6.5.2 Software Methods 6.5 Hardware and Software Method to Protect Devices 6.6.4 Common Methods of Reporting Cybercrimes 6.6 Cybersecurity 6.7 Safety and Security Concept 6.8.2 Strategies to Prevent Cyberbullying/Harassment 6.8 Cyberbullying 6.9.3 Human Impact 6.9 The Environmental, Cultural and Human Impact of Computing and Assistive Technologies 7.1.1 Digital Literacy and Information Collection 7.1 Information Collection 8.1 Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research | Differences, Examples & Methods 8.2 The differences between quantitative and qualitative research 8.3 Questionnaire Design | Methods, Question Types & Examples 8.4 What is Market Validation? 8.5 How to Use Research to Create Customer Profiles 8.6 Business Pitching: Identifying Problems and Creating Solutions 1.1 Cells - the Basic Unit of Life 1.10 Stem Cells 1.11 Endocytosis and Exocytosis 1.12 Cell Division 1.2.2 Exceptions to Cell Theory 1.2 Cell Theory 1.3.1 Electron Microscopy 1.3 Microscopy 1.4 Ultrastructure of Animal and Plant Cells 1.5.1 Cell Wall 1.5.2 Plasma Membrane 1.5 Cell Wall and Plasma Membrane 1.6.1 Pathway of a Signal from Outside to Inside 1.6.3 Nucleus 1.6 Cell Signaling 1.7 Membrane Transport Mechanism 1.8.1 Cytoplasm 1.8.2 Cell Organelles 1.9 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells 10.1 Animalia: the Evolutionary Relationship 2.1 Biochemistry/molecular Biology 2.10.3 Glycosidic Linkage in Lactose 2.10 Glycosidic Bonds in Disaccharides 2.11.4 Structure, Properties, and Roles of Chitin 2.11 Polysaccharides 2.12 Proteins 2.13.1 Structural Conformations in Proteins 2.16 Role of Proteins 2.17 Lipids 2.18.6 Roles of Waxes 2.18 Properties and Roles of Acylglycerols, Phospholipids, Terpenes and Waxes 2.19.1 Acylglycerol 2.19.2 Phospholipids 2.19.3 Terpenes 2.19.4 Waxes 2.2.1 Chemical Bonds 2.2.2 Intermolecular and Intramolecular Interactions 2.20.2 Prostaglandins 2.20 Steroids and Prostaglandins 2.21.1 Chemical Structure of Nucleic Acids 2.21 Nucleic Acid 2.22 Nitrogenous Bases in the Nucleotide 2.23 Formation of Phosphodiester Bond (polymerization of Nucleotides) 2.24 Chemical Nature and Role of Atp and Nad 2.25 Watson and Crick Model of Dna 2.26 Ribonucleic Acid (rna) 2.27.3 Transfer RNA (tRNA) 2.27 Roles and Types of Rna 2.28.2 Translation 2.28 Central Dogma of Life 2.29 Conjugated Molecules 2.3.2 Fundamental Biological Molecules 2.3 Protoplasm and Biological Molecules 2.4 Condensation and Hydrolysis 2.5.1 Properties of Water 2.5 Water As Medium of Life 2.6.1 Classification of Carbohydrates 2.6 Carbohydrates 2.7 Monosaccharides 2.8.2 Stereoisomerism in Glucose 2.8 Isomers and Stereoisomers of Glucose 2.9 Properties and Roles of Disaccharides 3.1.2 Types of Cofactors 3.1 Enzyme Structure 3.2.1 Models of Enzyme Action 3.2.2 Energy of Activation 3.2 Mechanism of Enzyme Action 3.3.1 Temperature 3.3.4 Substrate Concentration 3.3 Factors Affecting the Rate of Enzymatic Action 3.4.1 Competitive Inhibition 3.4.2 Non-Competitive Inhibitors 3.4.3 Feedback Inhibition 3.5.1 Classification Based Upon Reaction Type 3.5.2 Classification Based Upon Substrate 4.1.10 Light Independent Phase (dark Reaction) 4.1.7 Arrangements of Pigments (photosystems) 4.1.8 Overall Mechanism of Photosynthesis 4.1.9 Light Dependent Phase (light Reaction) 4.1 Photosynthesis 4.2.1 Kinds of Cellular Respiration 4.2.10 Cellular Respiration of Fats and Proteins 4.2.2 Mechanism of Anaerobic Respiration 4.2.3 Mechanism of Aerobic Respiration 4.2.4 OXIDATION OF PYRUVATE TO ACETYL-CoA 4.2.5 Krebs Cycle 4.2.6 Electron Transport Chain (etc) 4.2.7 Chemiosmosis and Oxidative Phosphorylation 4.2.8 Substrate Level Phosphorylation 4.2.9 Importance of G3p 4.3.1 Mechanism of Photorespiration 4.3.2 Disadvantages and Evolution of Photorespiration 4.3.3 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE ACTIVITIES OF RuBisCO 4.3.4 C4 Photosynthesis: an Adaptation to the Problem of Photorespiration 5.1.1 History and Discovery of Virus 5.1.2 Characteristics of Viruses 5.1.3 General Structure of a Virus 5.1.4 Classification of Virus 5.1 Viruses-discovery and Structure 5.2 Parasitic Nature of Virus 5.3.1 Structure of Bacteriophage 5.3.2 Life Cycle of Bacteriophage 5.4.6 Control Measures Against the Transmission of HIV 5.4 Human Immunodeficiency Virus 5.5.1 Hepatitis 5.5.2 Herpes Simplex 5.5.3 Poliomyelitis 5.5.4 Cotton Leaf Curl Disease 5.5 Viral Diseases 5.6 Economic Losses Due to Viral Infections 5.7 Limitations of Flu Vaccine 5.8.2 Viroids 5.8 Prions and Viroids 6.1 Taxonomy of Prokaryotes 6.2.1 Unifying Features of Archaea 6.2 Archaea 6.2 Archea 6.3.1 Occurrence of Bacteria in the Widest Range of Habitats 6.3.2 CYANOBACTERIA - The Most Prominent Photosynthetic Bacteria 6.4.1 Cell Walls of Gram-positive and Gram-negative Bacteria 6.4.2 Endospore Formation in Bacteria 6.4.3 Motility in Bacteria 6.4.4 Structure of Bacterial Flagellum 6.4.5 Genomic Organization in Bacteria 6.4 Structure: Shape and Size of Bacteria 6.5.1 Autotrophic Nutrition in Bacteria 6.5.2 Heterotrophic Nutrition in Bacteria 6.6.1 Phases of Growth 6.6.2 Reproduction in Bacteria 6.6 Growth and Reproduction in Bacteria 6.7.1 Nutrients Recycling 6.7.2 Ecological Importance of Bacteria 6.7.3 Economic Importance of Bacteria 6.7.4 Harmful Bacteria 6.7 Importance of Bacteria 6.8 the Bacterial Flora of Humans 6.9 Control of Harmful Bacteria 7.1 PROTISTS – The Evolutionary Relationship 7.2.1 PROTOZOA: The Animal Like Protists 7.2.2 ALGAE: The Plant like Protists 7.2.3 FUNGI LIKE PROTISTS: Myxomycota and Oomycota 7.2.4 Importance of Protists to Humans 7.2.5 General Characteristics of Fungi 7.2.6 Importance of Protists to Humans 7.2 Major Groups of Protists 7.3 General Characteristics of Fungi 7.4 Diversity Among Fungi 7.5 Importance of Fungi 8.1 Plantae: the Evolutionary Relationship 8.2.1 Bryophytes 8.2.2 Pteridophytes 8.2.3 Gymnosperms 8.2.4 Angiosperms 8.2 Classification of Plants 8.3.1 Plant Tissues 8.3.2 Plant Organs: Root, Stem, and Leaf 8.3.3 Plant Hormones and Growth Regulators 8.3.4 Plant Responses to Stimuli (tropisms and Nastic Movements) 8.3.5 Photoperiodism and Flowering 8.3.6 Transport in Plants 8.3.7 Reproduction in Plants 8.3 Diversity in Plant Functions 9.1.1 Plant Nutrition 9.1 Plant Nutrition and Transport 1.1 The Discovery of Atom 1.2 The Maxwell's Demon Experiment 1.3 The Schrödinger's Cat Experiment 1.4.1 Al-Ghazali's Burning Cotton Experiment 1.4.2 Al-Ghazali's Departure from Necessary Causation 1.4.3 Al-Ghazali's Thought Experiment — A Challenge to Inductive Reasoning 1.4 Imam Al-Ghazali — Historical Background 1.5.1 Inductive Reasoning 1.5.2 Deductive Reasoning 1.5 Reasoning 10.1 Introduction to Periodic Table 2.1.1 Sub-Atomic Particles 2.1.2 Behaviour of Electron, Proton and Neutron in Electric Field 2.1.3 Atomic Number and Mass Number 2.1.4 Atomic and Ionic Radius 2.1 Brief History of Atomic Models 2.2.1 Quantum Numbers and Electronic Configuration 2.2 Quantum Numbers 2.3 Rules of Electronic Configuration 2.4 Determination of Electronic Configuration of Atoms and Ions 2.5 Shapes of Orbitals 2.6.4 Electronic Configuration and Position in Periodic Table by Using Successive Ionization Energy Data 2.6 Ionization Energy 2.7.1 Principle of Mass Spectrometry 2.7.2 Working of a Mass Spectrometer 2.7.3 Applications of Mass Spectrometry 2.7 Mass Spectrometry 2.8 Electronic Configuration of Modern Electronic Materials 3.1.2 Trend of Electronegativity in the Periodic Table 3.1.3 Nature of Bond in Terms of Pauling Electronegativity Values 3.1.4 Covalent Character in a Compound 3.1 Electronegativity 3.10.1 Bonding and Antibonding Molecular Orbitals 3.10.2 Bond Order (No. of Bonds) 3.10.3 Relative Energies of the Molecular Orbitals 3.10.4 Molecular Orbital Diagram of Homo Nuclear Diatomic Molecules 3.10 Molecular Orbital Theory 3.2 Dipole Moment 3.3 Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bond 3.4 Bond Energy (Bond Enthalpy) 3.5.1 Shapes of Molecules Containing Two Electron Pairs 3.5.2 Shapes of Molecules Containing Three Electron Pairs 3.5.3 Shapes of Molecules Containing Four Electron Pairs 3.5.4 Shapes of Molecules Containing Five Electron Pairs 3.5.5 Shapes of Molecules Containing Six Electron Pairs 3.5.6 Expanded Octet / Hypervalency 3.5.7 Working Out the Shapes of Molecules 3.5.8 Importance of VSEPR Theory in the Field of Drug Design 3.5 Shapes of Molecules 3.6 Valence Bond Theory 3.7.1 sp Hybridization 3.7.2 sp² Hybridization 3.7.3 sp³ Hybridization 3.8 Co-ordinate Covalent Bond 3.9.1 Types of Intermolecular Forces 3.9.2 Peculiar Behaviour of Hydrogen Bonding 3.9.3 Comparison of Strength of Ionic, Covalent, Metallic Bonding and Intermolecular Forces 3.9 Intermolecular Forces (Forces Between Molecules) 4.1.1 Molar Volume (Vₘ) 4.1.2 Molar Mass and Density of Gases 4.1.3 Stoichiometric Calculations and Mole Ratio 4.1.4 Mole-Mole Calculation 4.1.5 Mole-Mass Calculations 4.1.6 Solution Stoichiometry 4.1 Mole 4.2 Limiting Reactant and Excess Reactant 4.3 Theoretical Yield, Actual Yield and Percent Yield 4.4 Importance of Stoichiometry in the Production and Dosage of Medicine 5.1.1 Properties of Liquids 5.1 Kinetic Molecular Interpretation of Liquids 5.2.8 Concept of Hydrogen Bonding to Explain the Properties of Water 5.2 Physical Properties of Liquids 5.3.2 Energy Changes and Intermolecular Forces 5.3.3 Liquid Crystals and Their Uses in Daily Life 5.3.5 Differentiation of Liquid Crystals from Pure Liquid and Crystalline Solids 5.3.6 Glaciers and Ice Caps 5.3 Energetics of Phase Changes 5.4.1 General Properties of Solids 5.4 General Properties of Gases 5.5.2 Properties of Solids Based on Kinetic Molecular Theory 5.5.3 Types of Solids 5.5.4 Properties of Crystals 6.1.1 Units of Thermal Energy 6.1.2 Thermochemical Reactions 6.1.3 Heat of Reaction 6.1.4 Relation Between Enthalpy Change and Heat of Reaction 6.1.5 Standard States and Standard Enthalpy Changes 6.1.6 Conditions for Standard Heat of Reaction 6.1 Energy in Chemical Reactions 6.2.1 Variability in Bond Energies 6.2 Bond Energy 6.3 Heat and Temperature 6.4 Hess's Law 6.5.1 Factors Affecting Lattice Energy 6.5.2 Role of Hydration in the Dissolving Process 6.5.3 Energy Cycle Involving Enthalpy of Solution, Lattice Energy and Enthalpy of Hydration 6.5.4 Factors Affecting Enthalpy of Hydration 6.5.5 Factors Affecting Electron Affinity 6.5 Born Haber Cycle 6.6.1 Calculation of The Entropy Change 6.6 Entropy 6.7 Gibbs Free Energy 7.1 Rates of Reactions 7.2.1 Order of Reaction and Rate Equation 7.2.2 Determination of Reaction Order, Rate Law and Rate Constant 7.2.3 Half-Life Method for Determining Rate Constant 7.3 Effect of Temperature on the Rate of Reactions 7.4.1 Potential Energy Diagram and Reaction Mechanism 7.4 The Mechanism of a Chemical Reaction 7.5 Activation Energy 7.6 Catalysis 7.7 Gibbs Free Energy Change and Feasibility of a Reaction 8.1 Macroscopic Events and Microscopic Events 8.2 Reversible Reactions and Dynamic Equilibrium 8.3.1 Equilibrium Expressions Involving Partial Pressure, Number of Moles and Mole Fraction 8.3 The Law of Mass Action 8.4 Types of Equilibrium 8.5 Ways to Recognize Equilibrium 8.6.4 The Effect of Addition of Catalyst 8.6 Factors Affecting Equilibrium (The Le Chatelier's Principle) 8.7.2 Synthesis of Sulphuric Acid by Contact Process 8.7 Industrial Application of Le Chatelier's Principle 9.1.1 Lewis Concept of Acids and Bases 9.1 Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs 9.3 Strength of Acids and Bases 9.4 Ionisation Constant of Water and Calculation of pH 9.5.1 Selection of Indicators 9.5 Titration 9.6 Strong and Weak Acids 9.7 Strong and Weak Bases 1.1 Data Representation in a Digital Computer 1.2 Analog and Digital Signals 1.3.2 Truth Table 1.3.3 Boolean Identities 1.3.4 Boolean Function and its Conversion to Logic Circuit 1.3.5 Simplification of Boolean Function using Karnaugh Map (K-Map) 1.3.7 Principle of Duality in Boolean Algebra 1.3.8 Uses of Logic Gates 1.3 Digital Logic and Logic Gates 1.4.2 Software Development Models 1.4 Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) 1.5.2 Scalability and Reliability of Network Topologies 1.5.3 Testing the Scalability and Reliability of a Network System 1.5.4 Cloud Computing 1.5.6 Scalability and Reliability in Cloud Computing 1.5 Network Topology 1.6.2 Cybersecurity Threats 1.6.3 Protection against Cyber-Threats 1.6.4 Encryption 1.6 Cybersecurity 2.1.1 Computational Artifacts in Software Development 2.1.2 Computational Solution Design 2.1.3 Planning and Developing a Computational Artifact 2.1.4 Testing Computational Artifacts 2.1 Computational Artifacts 2.2.1 Sorting Algorithms 2.2.2 Searching Algorithms 2.2 Common Computing Algorithms 3.1 Computer Program 3.10 List 3.11.2 Function Returns Result 3.11 Functions in Python 3.12 Debugging 3.2 Python: An Overview 3.3 Python Integrated Development Environments 3.4 Turtle Graphics 3.5 Libraries 3.6 Python Variables 3.7 Python Input/Output (I/O) 3.8.6 Conditional Statements 3.8 Operators in Python 3.9 Iteration & Loop 4.1 Statistical Modeling 5.1 Introduction to Internet of Things 5.2.1 Wireless Sensor Network 5.2.2 Cloud Computing 5.2.3 Big Data Analytics 5.2.4 Communication Protocols 5.2.5 Embedded Systems 5.2 Technologies that Enabled Internet of Things 5.3 Blockchain 5.4.1 Cryptography 5.4.2 Blockchain Networks 5.4.3 Transaction Process on the Network 5.4 Technologies that Enabled Blockchain 5.5 Integration of Blockchain and IoT 5.6.1 Stakeholders in AI Systems 5.6.2 Positive and Negative Impacts of AI Systems 5.6.3 Conflicting Requirements of Stakeholders in the Development of AI Systems 5.6 Stakeholders Interests in AI Systems 6.1 Information 6.10.1 Positive Environmental Impacts 6.10.2 Harmful Environmental Effects 6.10 Impact of Increased Connectivity on the Environment 6.11 The Effects of Connectivity on Culture 6.12 Effects of Increased Connectivity on People 6.13 Assistive Technologies 6.14 Digital Divide 6.15 Technological Innovations 6.2 Information Sources 6.3 Safe use of information sources 6.4 Bias in Data 6.5 Reliable Information 6.6 Sources of Unreliable Information 6.7 Data Searches 6.8 Data Source Verification Tasks Suitable for Humans 6.9.1 Connectivity is improved by computing 6.9 Computing 7.1.1 Qualitative Interviews 7.1.2 Simulations 7.1.3 Prototypes 7.1.4 Surveys 7.1 Data Collection Strategies 7.2 Data presentation for research questions 8.1 Introduction to Product Development 8.2 Understanding Prototypes 8.3 Creating Prototypes 8.4 Testing Prototypes 8.5 Building and Launching the MVP Ac Through an Inductor and Capacitor Degenerate Matter, Neutron Stars, Bec and Superfluidity Non-ideal Gases and Limits of the Ideal Model Interference of Sound Waves Quantum Interpretations of the Double-slit Experiment Statistical Interpretation of the Ideal Gas Law The Big Bang Theory The Universe and Its Large-scale Structure 1.1 Cognitive Biases and Fallacies 1.1 Oral Cavity 1.10 Composition and Role of Bile 1.11 Structure and Function of Pancreas 1.12 Relation of Secretion of Bile and Pancreatic Juice with the Secretion of Hormone 1.2 Ethical Considerations in the Production and Use of Chemical Substances 1.2 Swallowing and Peristalsis 1.3 Deconstructing the Structure of a Scientific Argument 1.3 Esophagus and Stomach 1.4 Role of the Nervous System and Gastrin Hormone On the Secretion of Gastric Juice 1.5 Small Intestine 1.6 Absorption of Digestion Products 1.7 Large Intestine 1.8 Defaecation 1.9 Storage and Metabolic Role of Liver 10.1.1 Recombinant Dna Technology 10.1 Introduction to Genetic Engineering 10.1 Preparation of Esters 10.2 Molecular Scissors (restriction Endonuclease) 10.2 Preparation of Phenol 10.3.1 pBR322 AS AN EXAMPLE OF PLASMIDS 10.3.2 Mechanism of Formation of Recombinant Plasmid in Recombinant Dna Technology 10.3 Acidity of water, phenol and ethanol 10.3 Molecular Carriers or Vectors 10.4 Formation of Human Insulin Protein in Bacteria 10.4 Reactions of Phenol 10.5 Polymerase Chain Reaction (pcr) 10.5 Reactions of Naphthols 10.6 Mechanism of Pcr Reaction 11.1 Acidity 11.2 Preparation of Benzoic Acids 11.3 Reactivity 11.4.4 Comparing Strengths of Carboxylic acids, Phenols and Alcohols 11.4 Reactions of Carboxylic Acids 11.5.2 Comparison of Hydrolysis of Acyl chlorides, Alkyl chlorides, and Aryl chlorides 11.5 Reaction of Acyl chlorides 2.1.1 Oxidation Number 2.1.2 Oxidation-Reduction in Terms of Change in Oxidation Number 2.1.3 Disproportionation Reaction 2.1 Human Heart 2.1 Oxidation - Reduction Concepts 2.10 Path of Blood Through the Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation 2.11 Rate of Blood Flow in Blood Vessels 2.11 Winkler Method for Biological Oxygen Demand 2.12 Blood Pressure 2.13 Baroreceptors and Volume Receptors 2.14 Cardiovascular Disorders 2.15 Heart Problems 2.16 Stages of Cardiovascular Disease Development 2.17 Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disorders 2.18 Hypertension and Hypotension 2.19 Intercellular Fluid and Lymph 2.2.1 Construction of Redox Equations 2.2 Balancing of Equations 2.2 Structure of Walls of Heart 2.20 Lymphatic System of Man 2.3 Flow of Blood Through the Heart 2.3 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents 2.4.2 Cell Potential 2.4.3 Standard Hydrogen Electrode 2.4.4 Determination of Cell Potential 2.4.4 Method to Measure the Electrode Potentials 2.4.5 The Electrochemical Series 2.4 Electrode, Electrode Potential and Electrochemical Series 2.4 Phases of Heartbeat 2.5.1 Electrode potentials and concentration 2.5 Conducting System of the Heart 2.5 Nernst Equation 2.6.1 Activity Series of Metals 2.6 Electrocardiogram 2.6 Electrochemical Series 2.7.3 Veins 2.7 Blood Vessels 2.7 The Relative Reactivity of Species as Oxidizing Agents or Reducing Agents 2.8.1 Electrolytic Cells 2.8.2 Factors Influencing the Products of Electrolysis 2.8 Role of Arterioles in Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation 2.8 Types of Electro-Chemical Cells 2.9 Relation Between the Faraday Constant, Avogadro Constant, and the Charge on the Electron 2.9 Role of Pre-capillary Sphincters 3.1 Properties of Respiratory Surface 3.1 Strength of Acids and Bases 3.2.2 Lower Respiratory Tract 3.2 Buffer Solutions and their Applications 3.2 Respiratory System of Man 3.3 Mechanism of Ventilation (breathing) 3.3 Solubility Product and Precipitation Reactions 3.4 Common Ion Effect 3.4 Transport of Gases 3.5 Role of Respiratory Pigments 3.5 The Partition Coefficient 3.6.4 Effects of Smoking 3.6 Respiratory Disorders 3.7 Effects of Smoking 4.1 Excretion 4.1 The pH 4.2.1 Structure of Kidney 4.2.2 Relationship Between Structure and Function of Kidney 4.2.3 Structure of a Nephron 4.2 The pH Scale 4.2 Urinary System of Man 4.3.1 Mechanism of Urine Concentration 4.3 Ionic Product of Water and Calculation of pH and pOH 4.3 Urine Formation 4.4 Functions of Kidney 4.4 pH Titration Curves 4.5.1 Urinary Tract Infection 4.5.2 Kidney Stones 4.5.3 Kidney Failure 4.5.4 Dialysis: Mechanism 4.5.5 Kidney Transplant: Process and Problems 4.5 Disorders of Urinary Tract 5.1.1 Trends in ionization energy and chemical reactivity 5.1.2 Trends in atomic radius 5.1.3 Trends in melting point 5.1 General Trends of Physical Properties and Chemical Reactivity of Group 2 Elements 5.1 Receptors Are Transducers 5.10.5 Degenerative Disorders of the CNS 5.10 Disorders of the Nervous System 5.11 Principles of Diagnostic Tests for Nervous Disorders 5.2 Path of a Message Transmitted to the Central Nervous System 5.2 Trends in Chemical Reactivity with Oxygen, Water and Dilute Acids 5.3.1 Structure of Neuron 5.3.2 Types of Neuron 5.3.3 Effectors 5.3.4 Detailed Structure of a Sensory Neuron, Associative and Motor Neuron 5.3.5 Relate the Structure of Neurons with Functions 5.3.6 Differences Between Myelinated and Non-myelinated Neurons 5.3 Comparison of Reactivity of Group 1 and Group 2 Elements 5.4 Reflex Arc 5.4 Uses of Group 2 Compounds 5.5.1 Generation and Transmission of Nerve Impulse 5.5.1 Trend in thermal stabilities 5.5.2 Resting Membrane Potential 5.5.3 Active Membrane Potential 5.5.4 Velocities of Nerve Impulse 5.5.5 Role of Local Circuits in Saltatory Conduction 5.5 Nerve Impulse 5.5 Thermal Decomposition of Group 2 Carbonates and Nitrates 5.6.1 Structure of Synapse 5.6.2 Mechanism of Synaptic Transmission of Nerve Impulse 5.6.3 Classifications of Neurotransmitters 5.6 Complexes of The Alkaline Earth Metals 5.7.1 Architecture of Human Brain and Spinal Cord and Their Functions 5.7.2 Cranial and Spinal Nerves in Man 5.7.3 Peripheral Nervous System 5.7.4 Sensory Receptors and Their Working 5.7 Extraction and Purification Process of Group 2 Elements and their Compounds 5.7 Main Components of Nervous System 5.8 Effects of Drugs On Nervous Coordination 5.9 Pain Medicines Reduce or Numb Pain in Human Body 6.1.1 Hormone As a Chemical Messenger 6.1.2 Chemical Nature of Hormones 6.1 Electron Configurations of the d-block elements 6.1 Hormones 6.2.1 Physical properties 6.2.1 Pituitary Gland 6.2.2 Physical Characteristics 6.2.2 Thyroid Gland 6.2.3 Chemical Properties 6.2.3 Parathyroid Glands 6.2.4 Pancreas 6.2.5 Adrenal Glands 6.2.6 Gonads 6.2 Endocrine System of Man 6.2 Properties of Transition Elements 6.3.1 Naming Complex Compounds 6.3.2 Working Out the Charge on Complexes and Their Formulae 6.3.3 Coloured Complexes 6.3.4 The d-d Splitting Pattern in Octahedral and Tetrahedral Complexes 6.3.5 Effect of Ligands on Colour of Complexes 6.3.6 Geometries of Complexes 6.3 Formation of Complex Compounds 6.3 Neurosecretory Role of Hypothalamus 6.4 Feedback Mechanism 6.4 Ligand Substitution Reactions 6.5 Redox Reactions 7.1.1 Structure of Bone 7.1.2 Cells Associated with Bone 7.1.2 Optical Isomerism 7.1.3 Properties of Optical Isomers 7.1.3 Structure of Cartilage 7.1 Geometric Isomerism 7.1 Human Skeleton 7.10 Antagonistic Arrangement of Skeletal Muscles 7.11.1 Muscle Disorders 7.11 Muscle Disorders 7.2.1 Separation of Racemic Mixture of Thalidomide 7.2.7 Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb 7.2 Divisions of Human Skeleton 7.3.3 Synovial Joints 7.3 Joints 7.4.1 Common Disorders of Skeleton 7.4 Disorders of Skeleton 7.5.2 Bone Repair 7.5 Bone Fractures 7.6.3 First Aid Treatment for Disorders of Skeleton 7.6 Injuries to Joints 7.7.1 Types of Muscles 7.7 Muscles 7.8.1 Ultra-structure of Skeletal Muscles 7.8 Structure of Skeletal Muscles 7.9 Muscle Contraction - Sliding Filament Model 8.1.1 Thermoregulation and Its Needs 8.1.2 Classification of Animals On the Basis of Temperature 8.1.3 Thermoregulatory Strategies in Man 8.1 Nomenclature of Benzene 8.1 Thermoregulation 8.2.1 Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms 8.2.2 Control of Homeostatic Mechanism 8.2 Homeostasis 8.2 The Structure of Benzene 8.3.1 Osmoconformers and Osmoregulators 8.3.2 Problems Faced by Osmoregulators 8.3.3 Osmoregulatory Adaptations in Animals 8.3 Osmoregulation 8.3 Reactivity of Benzene 8.4 Electrophilic aromatic substitution in substituted arenes 9.1.1 Skin: an Impenetrable Barrier Against Microbial Invasion 9.1.2 Epithelium of Digestive Tract: an Impenetrable Barrier Against Microbial Invasion 9.1.3 Epithelium of Respiratory Tract: an Impenetrable Barrier Against Microbial Invasion 9.1 First Line of Defence 9.1 Preparations of Halogenoarenes 9.2.1 Killing Cells of Blood 9.2.2 Protective Proteins of Complement System 9.2.3 Inflammatory Response 9.2.4 Temperature Response 9.2 Reactivity of Halogenoalkanes 9.2 Second Line of Defence - Nonspecific Defence 9.3.1 Nucleophilic substitution (SN) reactions of Alkyl halides 9.3.1 Role of Monocytes in Third Line of Defence 9.3.2 Role of T Cells in Third Line of Defence (cell Mediated Immune Response) 9.3.3 Role of B Cells in Third Line of Defence (humoral/antibody Mediated Immune Response) 9.3.5 Disorders of Immune System 9.3 Reactions of Halogenoalkanes or Alkyl Halides 9.3 Third Line of Defence - the Specific Defences 9.4 Reaction with aqueous silver nitrate 9.4 Types of Acquired Immunity 9.6 Alkyl Halides and Retrosynthesis 5.3 Neuron 5.6 Synapse 1.1.1 Device/System Usability 1.1.2 Usability Testing 1.1.3 Common Usability Issues and How to Avoid Them 1.1.4 Device/System Security 1.1.5 Device/System Accessibility 1.1.6 Types of Disabilities and Accessibility Solutions 1.1 System/Device Usability, Security, and Accessibility 1.2.1 Usability in Human-Computer Interaction 1.2.2 Common Problems in Human-Computer Interaction 1.2.3 Methods for Improving Human-Computer Interaction 1.2.4 Ethical, Social, Economic, and Environmental Implications in HCI 1.2 Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) 1.3.2 Recommendations for Cybersecurity Measures 1.3 Trade-offs between Usability and Security in Computing Systems 2.1 Data Structures 2.2.3 Efficiency 2.2.4 Case Studies 2.2 Evaluating Computational Solutions 3.1.1 Functional Programming 3.1.2 Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) 3.1.2 Object Oriented Programming 3.1 The Programming Paradigm 3.2.1 List 3.2.10 Create a Database 3.2.2 Tuples 3.2.3 Sets 3.2.4 Dictionary 3.2.5 Nested List 3.2.6 List as a Value in Dictionary 3.2.7 Files in Python 3.2.8 GUI in Python 3.2.9 Databases 3.2 Programming Constructs in Python 3.3.1 Debugging 3.3.2 Python Unit Test 3.3 Techniques for Testing & Debugging 4.1.1 Difference Between Machine Learning and Rule-based Algorithms 4.1.2 Model Building in Machine Learning 4.1.3 Learning from Data 4.1.4 Algorithms for Different Data Structures 4.1 Data Types 4.2.1 Data Visualization by Using Python 4.2.2 Data Storytelling 4.2.3 Formulating Questions and Data Evaluation 4.2.4 Descriptive Statistics Techniques 4.3.1 Null and Alternative Hypotheses 4.3.2 P-values 4.3.3 Significance Testing 4.3.4 Hypothesis Testing 4.3.5 Steps of Simple Hypothesis Testing 4.3.6 Creating Dashboards with Python 4.3 Hypothesis Formulation and Hypothesis Testing 5.2 Designing IoT-based Applications 5.3 IoT Applications Applicable to Pakistan 5.4 Blockchain 5.5.1 Application of Blockchain in Voting 5.5.2 Application of Blockchain in Healthcare 5.5.3 Application of Blockchain in Banking Industry 5.5.4 Application of Blockchain in Education 5.5 Blockchain Applications Applicable to Pakistan 5.6.8 Software Development 5.7.6 Relationship Between AI, ML, Neural Network and DL 5.7 Neural Networks and Deep Learning 5.8.8 Principles Adapted by OECD on Data Sharing and Protection of Privacy 5.8 Data Sharing and Privacy 6.1.2 Information Usage and Collection 6.1 Security Protocols 6.10.1 The Significance of Computational Perspective 6.10 Computational Perspectives 6.11.1 The Importance of Collaboration in Enhancing Computing Application Design 6.11 Computing Applications 6.12 Resources for Equal Information Accessibility 6.13 Collaborative Tools 6.2 Risks of Sharing Private Information 6.3 Best Practices to Prevent Identity Theft 6.4.1 Types of Cyber-attacks 6.4 Cyber-attacks 6.5.2 Biometric Verification 6.5 Security Methods 6.6.3 Popular Cipher Methods 6.6 Safe Transmission of Data 6.7.1 Types of Protocols 6.7 Security Protocols 6.8 Troubleshoot Security Problems 6.9.1 Various Strategies for Identifying Cybersecurity Threats 6.9 Identifying a Cybersecurity Threat 7.1.1 Creating the Artefact 7.1.2 Communication of Collected Data 7.1.3 Layout of the Digital Artefact 7.1.4 Using Digital Tools to Communicate Results and Conclusions 7.1.5 Creating a Research Artefact 7.1.6 Reflection and Self-Assessment 7.1 Performing Advanced Searches to Locate Information 8.1.1 Developing the MVP 8.1 Building and Launching the MVP (Minimum Viable Product) 8.2 Iterative Development 4.2 Data Visualization 5.1 Internet of Things (IoT) 5.6 Cloud Computing Physics · Class 12
Q1. Derive the period of a mass-spring oscillator Reveal answer
Q2. Explain why spring motion can be SHM Reveal answer
Q3. Discuss dependence of T on mass Reveal answer 
