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Biology · Class 11
Fossils: sequence in rocks, transitional named (Archaeopteryx if the book). Homologous limbs: same bones, different jobs (descent). Analogous: same job, different origin (wing of insect and bird) — convergent. Vestigial: leftover (whale pelvis named). Embryos: pharyngeal slits named carefully, not Haeckel copies. DNA/protein similarity. Biogeography: islands, Darwin's finches named. These are scho
PracticeBacteria vary. A few may already tolerate a drug (mutation or plasmid named). The antibiotic kills sensitive cells; resistant ones remain and reproduce. The population shifts. This is natural selection, not bacteria 'trying' and not a method to create a superbug. Hospital hygiene and not using antibiotics for viruses reduce the pressure. These notes never explain how to make, concentrate, or sprea
PracticeAsexual: one parent, no gamete fusion, offspring genetically alike (clones in the school wording). Binary fission, budding, fragmentation, spore, vegetative (tuber, runner, cutting named). Fast, good in a stable place; little variety if conditions change. Sexual: two gametes, meiosis, variation, slower, needs meeting of gametes. Alternation of generations already met in plants.