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Chemistry · Class 12
Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) measures light absorbed by ground-state atoms at element-specific wavelengths — the reverse partner of emission. A hollow-cathode or element lamp shines through an atomised sample (flame/furnace); detector sees how much resonant light is missing. Each element has its own absorption fingerprint, so AAS is widely used for quantitative metal analysis in water, foo
PracticeAtomic emission spectroscopy excites atoms (flame, spark, discharge) so electrons jump up then fall back, emitting light at characteristic wavelengths — line (atomic) spectra. Continuous emission spectra (white light through a prism) show merged rainbow colours without sharp boundaries. Line spectra identify elements: Na yellow flame, Sr red, K violet; discharge tubes give Ne, He, etc. coloured gl
PracticeClass 12 closes applied chemistry: industry makes dyes, pesticides, petrochemicals, polymers, and cosmetics safely; environment tracks air, water, ozone, and green design; analysis proves what products and pollutants contain. Exam hooks: define industrial chemistry; chromophore/auxochrome; nylon-6,6; smog types; acid rain equations; CFC/ozone; BOD/COD; combustion absorbers; IR carbonyl; NMR TMS; M